Recently, more and more public attention has been paid to nanomaterials in various fields. Especially, the preparation methods of core/shell nanoparticles have been drastically updated and developed. There exists great application prospect for the development of biosensing core/shell nanoparticles. This paper emphatically introduced the operation principle, preparation methods of biosensing core/shell nanopaticles and the latest application progress in electrochemical biosensor, optical biosensor and piezoelectric crystal biosensor.

Objective To discuss the practical effect of process reengineering in PICC reengineer-ing management. Methods PICC process was analyzed and the original unreasonable process was reengineered. The number of cases for tube insertion, success rate of paracentesis, incidence rate of compli-cations and patients satisfaction degree with nursing before and after implementing process reengineering were compared nsing χ2 test. Results After the promotion for clinical use of PICC, the numbers of cases for tube insertion, success rate of paracentesis and incidence rate of complication evidently decreased, pa-tients satisfaction degree increased greatly. Conclusions Process reengineering makes the PICC man-agement more standard, safe and highly effective.

Objective:To detect the neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) formation in the peripheral blood of the patients with recurrent respiratory tract infection,and to evaluate the effect of sulbactam sodium/cefoperazone sodium on the formation of NETs.Methods:A total of 36 patients with recurrent respiratory tract infection (case group) and 30 healthy volunteers (healthy control group) were selected.The NETs formation of subjects in two groups was detected by confocal microscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM).According to the appearance of neutrophils,the formation of NETs was classified as grade Ⅰ,Ⅱ and Ⅲ,the number of NETs formation cells of subjects in two groups was calculated.The formation of NETs of the patients in case group were detected before and after treated with sulbactam sodium/cefoperazone sodium.Results:The number of NETs formation cells of grade Ⅰ and Ⅱ of the patients in case group was more than that in healthy control group (P<0.05);while the number of NETs formation cells of grade Ⅲ of the patients in case group was less than that in healthy control group (P<0.05).The number of NETs formation cells of grade Ⅰ and Ⅱ of the patients in case group were significantly decreased (P<0.05),while the number of NETs formation cells of grade Ⅲ was significantly increased (P<0.05) after treated with sulbactam sodium/cefoperazone sodium.Conclusion:A lot of NETs with high antibacterial function can be formed in the patients with recurrent lower respiratory tract infection,and sulbactam sodium/cefoperazone sodium can inhibit the formation of NETs.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effects of local administration of Zoledronate solution on the tooth movement and periodontal ligament.

METHODSOrthodontic tooth movement of upper first molar was performed in 42 rats with coil spring. Zoledronate solution was injected into the palatal submucosal area adjacent to the left upper first molar in experimental group 3 days prior to the use of the appliance. In control group, same amount of 0.9% NaCl solution was injected into the palatal submucosal area adjacent to the left and right upper first molar. The injection was applied every third day. The application of mesial force lasted 0.3, 7, 14, 21 days respectively. After the rats were sacrificed, the distance of tooth movement was measured. Sections were stained and then observed with microscope.

RESULTS1. The distance of tooth movement in the experimental group was significantly smaller than that in the control group. 2. The number of osteoclast on the pressure side in the experiment group was significantly smaller than that in the control group through the experimental period, but there was no distinct difference between experimental group and control group (except for 14 days) for the number of odontoclast in interradicular area. 3. The osteoclasts and odontoclasts were the main target cell of Zoledronate in periodontal tissue.

CONCLUSIONSZoledronate may be a useful agent for anchorage control and reducing the number of osteoclast on pressure side of alveolar bone.

Objective To study the clinical value of electronic bronchoscope in diagnosis and treatment of recurrent dyspnea in neonates.Method From October 2014 to October 2017,the clinical data of recurrent dyspnea receiving electronic bronchoscopy examination and treatment in the neonatal intensive care unit of our hospital were retrospectively selected.Their clinical characteristics and treatment effects were summarized and analyzed.Result A total of 171 infants of neonatal recurrent respiratory infections were examined using electronic bronchoscope.The top four causes included endo－tracheo－bronchitis in 78 cases (45.6%), laryngomalacia, and tracheobronchomalacia in 22 cases (12.9%), airway stenosis in 14 cases (8.2%) and esophagotracheal fistula in 12 cases ( 7.0%).The complications of intraoperative and postoperative included decline of percutaneous oxygen saturation and /or heart rate (20.5%, 35/171), mucosal bleeding (12.3%, 21/171 ), and fever after bronchoalveolar lavage.Electronic bronchoscopy examination confirmed all the 171 neonates′diagnosis and some of them recovered after corresponding treatment.78 cases of infants with endo－tracheobronchitis were all cured.22 cases of laryngomalacia and tracheobronchomalacia and nine patients with airway stenosis improved and were discharged after treatment . One patient with subglottic stenosis received bronchoscopic holmium laser ablation therapy and the airway significantly expanded.No re－stenosis was found during follow－up.Conclusion Electronic bronchoscopy is an important method to determine the cause of recurrent dyspnea in newborns , and it′safe,reliable and can play a therapeutic role in some neonates.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the clinical effect of standardized training and management of peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) and catheter-related complications. METHODS: A total of 610 patients were divided into a control group and an observation group, the control group (n=300) were catheterized by trainees who received "short-term intensive training", the observation group (n=310) by "system standardized training and management". The clinical efficacy of catheterization and the rate of catheter-related complications were compared. RESULTS: There was significant difference in the one-time puncture success rate, one-time cannulation success rate, the time for operation and the pain score between the 2 groups (all P<0.01), and there was also significant difference in the occurrence of catheter extrusion, plug, arrhythmia, catheter-related thrombosis, phlebitis, puncture point effusion and catheter-related infection between the 2 groups (all P<0.05). CONCLUSION Standardized PICC training and management can improve the effect of catheterization and reduce the incidence of PICC-related complication.
Catheter-Related Infections ; prevention & control ; Catheterization, Peripheral ; methods ; Humans ; Incidence ; Inservice Training ; Thrombosis

Objective: To investigate the value of Cytomegalovirus(CMV) DNA real-time quantitative-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) in different body fluids for diagnosing CMV pneumonia in immunocompetent infants. Methods: The clinical data of immunocompetent infants with CMV pneumonia who were treated in Pediatric Intensive Care Unit of Guangdong Women and Children′s Hospital from January 1^st, 2016 to February 5^th, 2018 were retrospectively analyzed.The clinical data included CMV DNA load of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF), urine, blood and cerebrospinal fluid(CSF); blood immunoglobulin(Ig)M CMV, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), X-ray and CT test of chest, combined infection, clinical manifestation and treatment. Results: Nine hundred and twenty-six infants received bronchoalveolar lavage by bronchoscope, and 34 cases were diagnosed as immunocompetent with CMV pneumonia.The infants with CMV pneumonia: the positive percentage of urine CMV DNA, blood CMV DNA, blood IgM CMV and ALT elevation were 100.0%(34/34 cases), 61.8%(21/34 cases), 52.9%(18/34 cases) and 20.6%(7/34 cases), respectively.There was no difference in positive percentage between blood CMV DNA and blood IgM CMV (χ²=0.5, P>0.05). Both the positive percentages of blood CMV DNA and blood IgM CMV were lower than those in the urine CMV DNA, and the differences were statistically significant (χ²=16.1, 20.9, all P<0.05). The positive percentages of ALT elevation were lower than those in the positive percentage of urine CMV DNA, blood CMV DNA and blood IgM CMV, and the differences were statistically significant (χ²=44.8, 11.9, 7.7, all P<0.05). Ten patients′ CSF CMV DNA were tested, and they were all negative.The median load of CMV DNA in BALF, urine and blood was 170.0×10⁵ copies/L, 130.0×10⁵ copies/L and 6.0×10⁵ copies/L.There was no difference in median load between BALF and urine (U=561, P>0.05). BALF CMV DNA load and blood CMV DNA load had a weak positive correlation (r=0.35, P<0.05), BALF CMV DNA load and age had a negative correlation (r=-0.42, P<0.05), and urine CMV DNA load and blood CMV DNA load had a positive correlation (r=0.52, P<0.05). No matter whether blood IgM CMV was positive, BALF CMV DNA load had no differences (U=92, P>0.05). The main radiographic signs were pulmonary interstitial lesions.Thirty-four immunocompetent infants with CMV pneumonia, 18 patients (52.9%) with symptoms lasted for over 2 weeks, 20 patients (58.8%) had complicated infections.They all received inductive treatment of Ganciclovir, 55.9%(19/34 cases) patients′ urine CMV DNA turned to be negative.When patients got combined infections by bacteria or mycoplasma, antibiotics were used.All discharged patients had symptoms relieved and signs improved. Conclusions BALF RT-PCR is instant, sensitive and distinctive method to diagnose CMV pneumonia.Urine RT-PCR gets specimens conveniently and safely, its positive percentage and DNA load are present well according to BALF, and is suitable for screening and monitoring CMV infection.Blood CMV DNA load and blood IgM CMV indicate viral dissemination and immunocompetence, but it is not recommended for diagnosing CMV pneumonia solely.

To investigate the temporal trend of antibiotic use among children in Shanghai from 2017 to 2020. The stratified cluster sampling method was used to establish a dynamic cohort of healthy children based on primary schools in Changning District, Shanghai. In the cohort, there were 282 children from 2017, 287 children from 2018, 294 from 2019 and 301 from 2020. A total of 700 children aged 7-11 years were included in the study. The basic information and antibiotic use of children were investigated by questionnaire every year, and their height and weight were measured at the same time. Chi-square test was used to analyze the difference of antibiotic use rate in each year and generalized estimation equation was used to analyze the temporal trend of antibiotic use. The results showed that the use rates of all antibiotics, cephalosporins, azithromycin and other antibiotics (including penicillin, lincomycin, quinolones, etc.) of children between 2017 and 2020 were 15.6%, 10.5%, 2.7%, and 2.4%, respectively. In 2017, 2018, 2019, and 2020, there were significant differences for the use rates of total antibiotics and other antibiotics in children ( P=0.033, P=0.040), and there were no significant differences for the use rates of cephalosporins and azithromycin ( P=0.274, P=0.455). After adjusting for children′s basic characteristics, the generalized estimation equation showed that the annual use rate of all antibiotics, cephalosporins, and other antibiotics decreased over time.

To investigate the temporal trend of antibiotic use among children in Shanghai from 2017 to 2020. The stratified cluster sampling method was used to establish a dynamic cohort of healthy children based on primary schools in Changning District, Shanghai. In the cohort, there were 282 children from 2017, 287 children from 2018, 294 from 2019 and 301 from 2020. A total of 700 children aged 7-11 years were included in the study. The basic information and antibiotic use of children were investigated by questionnaire every year, and their height and weight were measured at the same time. Chi-square test was used to analyze the difference of antibiotic use rate in each year and generalized estimation equation was used to analyze the temporal trend of antibiotic use. The results showed that the use rates of all antibiotics, cephalosporins, azithromycin and other antibiotics (including penicillin, lincomycin, quinolones, etc.) of children between 2017 and 2020 were 15.6%, 10.5%, 2.7%, and 2.4%, respectively. In 2017, 2018, 2019, and 2020, there were significant differences for the use rates of total antibiotics and other antibiotics in children ( P=0.033, P=0.040), and there were no significant differences for the use rates of cephalosporins and azithromycin ( P=0.274, P=0.455). After adjusting for children′s basic characteristics, the generalized estimation equation showed that the annual use rate of all antibiotics, cephalosporins, and other antibiotics decreased over time.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the incidence and risk factors of benign liver space-occupying mass in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) and the ultrasound features that differentiate these masses from small hepatocellular carcinoma. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the color Doppler and clinical data of 17 721 patients with CHB treated in the Hepatology Unit of Nanfang Hospital between January, 2016 and December, 2017. The data were compared with those of 21629 healthy control subjects undergoing routine physical examination in the Center of Heath Management of Nanfang Hospital during the same period. RESULTS: Compared with the control subjects, the patients with CHB had significantly higher incidences of hepatic cysts (11.8% 8.7%, < 0.05), hepatic hemangioma (8.2% 1.6%, < 0.05) and hepatic cirrhosis nodules (20.6% 2.4%, < 0.05). The incidences of hepatic cysts and cirrhosis nodules increased with age and was significantly higher in male than in female patients ( < 0.001). The highest incidence of hepatic hemangioma was found in CHB patients aged 30-49 years without a gender difference (>0.05). Sonographically, the benign liver masses commonly showed homogeneous echo within the lesion with clear boundaries and regular shape. Hepatic hemangioma was distinctively hyperechoic in 83.32% (1579/1895) of the patients, while small hepatocellular carcinoma presented with weaker peripheral and internal blood flow signals with a lower flow velocity in the arteries and a higher flow velocity in the portal vein. Liver cirrhosis nodules mostly showed a mixture of strong and weak echoes (79.60%; 7637/9595) without blood flow signal within or around the nodule; an increased volume of the nodule accompanied by heterogeneous echoes within the nodule indicated an increased probability of malignant lesion. Hepatic cysts often displayed no echo within the lesion, but the echo could be enhanced posteriorly. CONCLUSIONS The patients with CHB are at a significantly higher risk of developing hepatic cysts, hepatic hemangiomas and hepatic cirrhosis nodules than the control population, and an older age and the male gender are associated with a higher incidence of hepatic cysts or cirrhosis. The differences in the sonographic and hemodynamic features can help to differentiate hepatic benign mass from malignant lesions, and kinetic changes in sonography can be used to monitor potential malignant transformation of the cirrhotic lesions.