The infection of chronic refractory wound is related with bacterial biofilm .How to prevent and treat bacterial bio-film and its related damage has been a hot topic in current studies .This article provides a review on chronic wound biofilm on clinical diagnosis techniques , diagnostic criteria , bacteria identification outcomes and influencing factors .

Objective Pressure Ulcer Scale for Healing ( PUSH) was published in 1998 by National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel ( NPUAP) as a tool to evaluate the effects of pressure ulcer care.This study aimed to verify the reliability and validity of the Chi-nese version of PUSH in order to provide an efficient and reliable tool for evaluating the effects of pressure ulcer care. Methods Using the Brislin translation model, we translated the English version of PUSH into Chinese and finalized the Chinese version through modifica-tion by an advisory panel, pretests, and verification of its reliability and validity in the care of 126 cases of stage-Ⅱ-Ⅳpressure ulcers. We analyzed the reliability and validity of the scale based on its item scores, content validity, construct validity, Cronbach′s αcoeffi-cient, and test-retest reliability. Results The correlation coefficient value of the total and individual item scores was 0.616-0.963 (P<0.01).Each individual item score was significantly higher in the 27%high-score group (n=35) than in the 27%low-score group (n=36).The total content validity coefficient was 0.965, the correlation coefficient of construct validity between the total and individual item scores was 0.750-0.954 (P<0.01), and that between individual items was 0.666-0.826 (P<0.01), with statistically signifi-cant differences between the total and individual item scores at 7 and 21 days after treatment (P<0.01).The Cronbach′s αreliability coefficient value of the total score was 0.823 and those of individual item scores were 0.770, 0.791, and 0.868, respectively.The inter-rater reliability coefficients were all >0.85 and the test-retest reliabili-ty coefficients of individual items were 0.826, 0.885, and 0.958, re-spectively ( P<0.01) . Conclusion The Chinese version of PUSH, with its high validity and reliability, can be used to evaluate interven-tion effectiveness of Chinese patients with pressure ulcers.

The high-throughput sequencing (NGS) method has been widely used in clinical diagnosis and treatment due to its ability to simultaneously analyze multiple samples, genes and variation types with a single test when compared to some traditional methods. In addition to providing important information for clinical diagnosis and treatment, a large amount of information with clinical research value can be digged. On the other hand, further basic research and targeted therapy promoted a new way of treating cancer patients, which is currently named as precision medicine (PM). In cancer care, this means custom treatments to each patient′s features and each cancer genomic alterations. With this conception, the use of NGS and the consequent availability of large-scale human genome databases have created an opportunity for significant onward movement of cancer diagnosis and therapy. We here discuss the applications of NGS in cancer care, under a"personalized tailored therapy"perspective.

【Objective】 To analyze differences of eplets between the patient who generated HLA allele-specific antibodies after platelet transfusion with donors. 【Methods】 The HLA genotypes of the patient and donors were detected by PCR-SBT, and the Luminex single antigen beads coating was used to screen HLA-Ⅰ antibodies in the patient’s serum. HLA Matchmaker was utilized to analyze different amino acids and eplets. 【Results】 The patient carried HLA-A^*02∶03 allele, and HLA-A2 antibodies were found in his serum after platelet transfusion (A^*02∶01, A^*02∶06, and A^*02∶07). Sequence alignment showed that the patient′s A^*02∶03 has a difference in position 149, which resulted in a different eplet between A^*02∶03 and A^*02∶01, A^*02∶06, A^*02∶07 and then induced the production of antibodies. 【Conclusion】 HLA antibodies are specific for HLA epitopes that have structural differences due to amino acid differences between HLA alleles, suggesting that high-resolution typing of HLA-A, -B need to be conducted in patients and donors, and the acceptable mismatch of HLA should be determined based on epitopes rather than antigens, so as to reduce alloimmune response and improve platelet count after transfusion.