Computer-aided detection (CAD) of pulmonary nodule technology can effectively assist the radiologist to enhance lung nodule detection efficiency and accuracy rate, so it can lay the foundation for the early diagnosis of lung cancer. In order to provide reference for the scholars and to develop the CAD technology, we in this paper review the technology research and development of CAD of the pulmonary nodules which is based on CT image in recent years both home and abroad. At the same time, we also analyse the advantages and shortcomings of different methods. Then we present the improvement direction for reference. According to the literature in recent years, there still has been large development space in CAD technology for pulmonary nodules. The establishment and improvement of the CAD system in each step would be of great scientific value.
Computer Systems ; Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted ; Humans ; Lung ; pathology ; Lung Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; Software ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

This paper presents a probability segmentation algorithm for lung nodules based on three-dimensional features. Firstly, we computed intensity and texture features in region of interest (ROI) pixel by pixel to get their feature vector, and then classified all the pixels based on their feature vector. At last, we carried region growing on the classified result, and got the final segmentation result. Using the public Lung Imaging Database Consortium (LIDC) lung nodule datasets, we verified the performance of proposed method by comparing the probability map within LIDC datasets, which was drawn by four radiology doctors separately. The experimental results showed that the segmentation algorithm using three-dimensional intensity and texture features would be effective.
Algorithms ; Databases, Factual ; Humans ; Imaging, Three-Dimensional ; Lung ; pathology ; Probability

Objective To identify the features of colon electricity activities and the motion in viscerally hypersensitive rats. Methods The rats were divided into control group and model group that was latter sensitized by chicken egg albumen.After two weeks, the colon spike potential, slow wave and the colon contraction were recorded. The interdigestive myoelectric complex cycle,the duration of phase Ⅲ,spike potential and slow wave propagation rate and average largest amplitude were observed,and then the number of the contraction, the index of contraction were recorded. Results Both IMC cycle and phase Ⅲ were prolonged, spike potential propagation frequency speeded up (P

OBJECTIVE:To establish a method for content determination of cyproheptadine hydrochloride in fuyan cream.METHODS:Ultraviolet spectophotometry was applied to determine the contents of cyprohepatadine hydrochloride as well as its adjuvant as two coexisting components without isolation and extraction,the wavelengths were286nm and258nm res_ pectively,linear regression and simultaneous equations were used to analyze the results.RESULTS:Cyproheptadine hydrochlor_ ide and its adjuvant showed good linear relationship in the range of2.52～25.2and2.5022～25.022?g/ml respectively,the average recovery of cyproheptadine hydrochloride was98.61%(RSD=1.08%).CONCLUSION:The present method is simple,convenient,reproducible and reliable,which is suitable for rapid determination for fuyan cream.

Objective To identify the important regulatory elements in the promoter of human CD2 associated protein(CD2AP) by conserved sequence analysis among different species and luciferase functional detection. Methods The promoter sequences of CD2AP from different species were analyzed by BLAST. Plasmids containing different length of deletion mutations of human CD2AP promoter were constructed. Pro-moter activities were tested in 3 kinds of cells from different species by luciferase analysis and were tested in HEK-293 cells treated with all-trans-retinoic acid. Results Homologous sequence comparison in CD2AP promoter area among human, cattle and pig showed that putative specific protein 1 (Sp1) sites and down-stream promoter element (DPE) were highly evolutional]y conserved. Progressive deletion luciferase analysis of DNA fragments revealed similar promoter activity style among 3 different cell lines from 3 different spe-cies, HEK-293, BHK-21 and Vero cells. One basic promoter activity located within 500 bp upstream of ATG. Fragments of further upstream 100 bp or more had drastically 10 times increased promoter activity. Two putative Sp1 sites were in this 100 bp region. All-trans-retinoic acid decreased the luciferase activity of CD2AP promoter. Conclusion Putative Spl sites and DPE have important functions in the promoter activity of CD2AP.

Objective:To investigate the efficacy and toxicity of oxaliplatin reintroduction combined with raltitrexed as second-line che-motherapy after the first-line oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy in advanced colorectal cancer patients. Methods:The 48 evaluable pa-tients with advanced colorectal cancer following disease progression prior to the first-line chemotherapy were treated with oxaliplatin and raltitrexed (raltitrexed 3 mg/m2 ivgtt d1, oxaliplatin 100-130 mg/m2 ivgtt d1, q21d). All 48 patients were divided into two groups:Group A, non-oxaliplatin-based regimens as the first-line chemotherapy, 20 cases;Group B, oxaliplatin-based regimens as the first-line chemotherapy, 28 cases. Each group was evaluated every two cycles. Results:The response rates (RR) of Groups A and B were 30.0%(6/20) and 32.1%(9/28), the disease control rates (DCR) were 80.0%(16/20) and 75.0%(21/28), the median progression free survival time (mPFS) was 6.5 and 7.0 months, and the median overall survival time (mOS) was 10 and 13 months, respectively. No statistical sig-nificance was observed between the two groups in their RR, CR, mPFS, and mOS (P=0.264, 0.514, 0.713, 0.788), respectively. The most common adverse effects observed wereⅠ-Ⅱgrades of bone marrow suppression, aminotransferase abnormality, and digestive toxici-ties. The incidence of neurotoxicity (Ⅰ-Ⅱgrades) between the two groups was similar. Conclusion:Instead of irinotecan combined with raltitrexed, oxaliplatin reintroduction combined with raltitrexed for second-line chemotherapy after the first-line oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy in advanced colorectal cancer patients is feasible.

Objective:To summarize the relationship between the clinicopathological features and prognosis of immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) after renal transplantation.Methods:A total of 34 patients with IgAN after renal transplantation confirmed by renal biopsy were enrolled. And another 34 patients with primary IgAN confirmed by initial renal biopsy were adopted as controls. Clinical and pathological features of two groups were compared to explore the relationship between clinicopathological features and prognosis of allograft IgAN.Results:As compared with primary IgAN group, renal function in allograft IgAN group included serum creatinine [(158.5±75.9) vs (84.8±26.8) umol/L], urea nitrogen [(9.7±6.1) vs (5.2±1.4) mmol/L], uric acid [(406.7±87.8) vs (359.0±92.6) umol/L], estimated glomerular filtration rate {(57.4±25.4) vs (91.2±28.6) [ml/(min·1.73m 2)]}. All were statistically significantly higher ( P<0.05) while other parameters showed no differences. Pathologically, the proportion of T1 type (50.0% vs 17.6%) of renal tubular atrophy/interstitial fibrosis was significantly higher in allograft IgAN group than control group ( P<0.05). Furthermore, univariate and multivariate Logistic regression analyses were performed between various pathological parameters and prognosis in allograft IgAN patients. It indicated that the degree of mesangial hyperplasia of patients with transplanted IgAN had a significantly negative impact on the prognosis. Conclusions:The clinicopathological features of patients with allograft IgAN show no difference from those of patients with primary IgAN. And among patients with allograft IgAN, those with severe mesangial hyperplasia often have a worse prognosis.

Tumor microenvironment contributes to poor prognosis of pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAAD) patients. Proper regulation could improve survival. Melatonin is an endogenous hormone that delivers multiple bioactivities. Here we showed that pancreatic melatonin level is associated with patients' survival. In PAAD mice models, melatonin supplementation suppressed tumor growth, while blockade of melatonin pathway exacerbated tumor progression. This anti-tumor effect was independent of cytotoxicity but associated with tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs), and TANs depletion reversed effects of melatonin. Melatonin induced TANs infiltration and activation, therefore induced cell apoptosis of PAAD cells. Cytokine arrays revealed that melatonin had minimal impact on neutrophils but induced secretion of Cxcl2 from tumor cells. Knockdown of Cxcl2 in tumor cells abolished neutrophil migration and activation. Melatonin-induced neutrophils presented an N1-like anti-tumor phenotype, with increased neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) causing tumor cell apoptosis through cell-to-cell contact. Proteomics analysis revealed that this reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated inhibition was fueled by fatty acid oxidation (FAO) in neutrophils, while FAO inhibitor abolished the anti-tumor effect. Analysis of PAAD patient specimens revealed that CXCL2 expression was associated with neutrophil infiltration. CXCL2, or TANs, combined with NET marker, can better predict patients' prognosis. Collectively, we discovered an anti-tumor mechanism of melatonin through recruiting N1-neutrophils and beneficial NET formation.

Objective: To investigate the molecular characterization of adult diarrhea cases caused by enterotoxic Escherichia coli (ETEC) and explore the practical model of epidemiology for laboratory technique and data needs based on the surveillance network. Methods: Epidemiological design and sampling targeted adult cases ETEC caused diarrhea in epidemic season. The enterotoxin type, serogroup, resistance, colonization factor and molecular type of ETEC were identified. Multiple dynamic phenotypic characteristics of ETEC were indicated by multidimensional and multivariable data. Results: From 2016 to 2018, 84 eligible ETEC strains were detected. The dominant serums/toxins were O∶6 (STh), O∶25 (LT), O∶159 (STh), O∶153 (STh). O∶6 (STh+CS21), which replaced O∶25 and O∶159 as the popular clones in 2018. Six cases of O∶153 (STh+CFA/I+CS8+PT34) in outbreak in 2017 were imported ones. The resistance rates of ETEC strains detected in adults to sulfasoxazole, naproxinic acid, ampicillin and azithromycin were more than 30%, multidrug resistance (MDR) reached 58.3%. Serum/toxin types suggested that attenuated strains were more likely to become MDR. Molecular typing confirmed that the genetic similarity of the dominant clone of O∶6 serogroup (PT20-24) was higher than O∶25 and O∶159. There was a high correlation between the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of azithromycin and the resistant gene mphA (87.5%, 28/32). O∶6 (STh+CS21+mphA) resistant clone was first detected in 2016. Conclusion A new epidemic clone in adult ETEC diarrhea cases in Shanghai was O∶6 (STh+CS21+mphA). For the first time the association between azithromycin resistance gene mphA and a serum group of ETEC was observed. Multidimensional and multivariate analysis techniques based on epidemiology can help reveal the potential transmission pattern of ETEC for the accurate surveillance and early warning of outbreaks.

Objective: To analyze the epidemiological history, clinical manifestations, treatment and the short-term prognosis of 31 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus(2019-nCoV) infection in children from six provinces (autonomous region) in northern China. Methods: A retrospective analysis of the epidemiological history, clinical symptoms, signs, laboratory examinations, chest imaging, treatment and the short-term prognosis of 31 cases of 2019-nCoV was conducted. The patients were diagnosed between January 25th, 2020 and February 21st, 2020 in 21 hospitals in 17 cities of six provinces(autonomous region) of Shaanxi, Gansu, Ningxia, Hebei, Henan and Shandong. Results: The age of the 31 children with 2019-nCoV infection was 7 years and 1 month (6 months -17 years). Nine cases (29%) were imported cases. Other 21 cases (68%) had contact with confirmed infected adults. One case (3%) had contact with asymptomatic returnees from Wuhan. Among the 31 children, 28 patients (90%) were family cluster cases. The clinical types were asymptomatic type in 4 cases (13%), mild type in 13 cases (42%), and common type in 14 cases (45%). No severe or critical type existed. The most common symptom was fever (n=20, 65%), including 1 case of high fever, 9 cases of moderate fever, 10 cases of low fever. Fever lasted from 1 day to 9 days. The fever of fifteen cases lasted for ≤3 d, while in other 5 cases lasted > 3 d. Other symptoms included cough (n=14, 45%), fatigue (n=3, 10%) and diarrhea (n=3, 9%). Pharyngalgia, runny nose, dizziness, headache and vomiting were rare. In the early stage, the total leukocytes count in peripheral blood decreased in 2 cases (6%), the lymphocytes count decreased in 2 cases (6%), and the platelet count increased in 2 cases (6%).Elevation of C-reactive protein (10%, 3/30), erythrocyte sedimentation rate(19%,4/21), procalcitonin(4%,1/28), liver enzyme(22%, 6/27) and muscle enzyme (15%, 4/27) occurred in different proportions. Renal function and blood glucose were normal. There were abnormal chest CT changes in 14 cases, including 9 cases with patchy ground glass opacities and nodules, mostly located in the lower lobe of both lungs near the pleural area. After receiving supportive treatment, the viral nucleic acid turned negative in 25 cases within 7-23 days. Among them, 24 children (77%) recovered and were discharged from hospital. No death occurred. Conclusions In this case series, 2019-nCoV infections in children from six provinces (autonomous region) in northern China are mainly caused by close family contact. Clinical types are asymptomatic, mild and common types. Clinical manifestations and laboratory examination results are nonspecific. Close contact history of epidemiology, nucleic acid detection and chest imaging are important bases for diagnosis. After general treatment, the short-term prognosis is good.