Medical education in the United States is efficient and successful. This article introduces the departments, admission and programs, especially MD programs in School of Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York.

AIM: To study the effect of carbon monoxide (CO) on hypoxia inducible factor-1? (HIF-1?) expression and on hypoxic tolerance duration in hypoxia preconditioned mice. METHODS: Mice were injected with normal saline (NS) or hemin intraperitoneally. Western blot was used to detect HIF-1? in hippocampus. The tolerant duration of each hypoxic run was recorded. RESULTS: After 1 and 2 runs of hypoxia exposure, there were no significant differences in HIF-1? expression and hypoxic tolerance duration between N and hemin injection groups. After 3 and 4 runs of hypoxia exposure, the content of HIF-1? was lower and hypoxic tolerance duration was shorter ( P

Objective To analyze the efficacy of high-frequency ultrasound in the clinical diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS),and to study the suitable diagnostic indicators and criteria of CTS for Chinese population.Methods High-frequency ultrasound was used to scan the median nerves of 67 CTS wrists and 67 normal wrists at the entrance,the middle and the outlet of carpal tunnels,and measured the cross-sectional area,diameter and flattening rate.Statistical analysis was used to evaluate the sensitivity,specificity,and AUC of ROC curve of the different parts of carpal tunnels.Results Compared with normal subjects,the CTS patients has larger cross-sectional area,diameter and flattening value of the median nerve in different parts of the carpal tunnel,and the differences are statistically significant (all P＞0.05).Among the measured indicators,the cross-sectional area of the median nerve at the entrance of the carpal tunnel has a better AUC value and good diagnostic sensitivity and specificity.Conclusion High-frequency ultrasonography has potential clinical significance for CTS diagnosis.The cross-sectional area of the median nerve at the entrance of the carpal tunnel can be used as a CTS diagnostic indicator for Chinese population,and it has good diagnostic sensitivity and specificity.

OBJECTIVE: Cisplatin is a widely used chemotherapeutic agent in the treatment of cancers in clinic; but it often induces adverse effects on ovarian functions such as reduced fertility and premature menopause. Mesna could attenuate the cisplatin-induced ovarian damages; however, the underlying mechanism is still unknown. This study aimed to figure out the underlying mechanism of the protection of mesna for ovaries against cisplatin therapy in cancers. METHODS: We performed female adult Sprague-Dawley rats into normal saline control (NS), low-dose cisplatin (CL), high-dose cisplatin (CH), CL plus mesna (CL+M), and CH plus mesna (CH+M) groups and detected anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH)-positive follicle, oxidative stress status and anti-oxidative capability in ovaries. RESULTS: AMH-positive follicles were significantly decreased after cisplatin administration, which was significantly reversed when mesna was co-administered with cisplatin. The end product of lipid peroxidation, malondialdehyde (MDA), was significantly increased, but the anti-oxidative enzymatic activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH) were significantly decreased in cisplatin groups when compared with NS group. In contrast, after co-administration of cisplatin with mesna, MDA was significantly decreased whereas the activity of SOD and the concentration of GSH were increased. Moreover, mesna did not decrease the anti-tumor property of cisplatin in HePG2 cell lines. CONCLUSION: Cisplatin damages the granulosa cells by oxidative stress to deplete the ovarian reserve and mesna could protect ovarian reserve through anti-oxidation. These results might highlight the mechanism of the protection of mesna for ovarian reserve and open an avenue for the application of mesna as a protective additive in cisplatin chemotherapy in clinical practise.
Adult ; Animals ; Anti-Mullerian Hormone ; Cisplatin ; Female ; Fertility ; Glutathione ; Granulosa Cells ; Hep G2 Cells ; Humans ; Lipid Peroxidation ; Malondialdehyde ; Menopause, Premature ; Mesna ; Ovary ; Oxidative Stress ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Superoxide Dismutase