Objective To study the regulatory effect of TGF ? 1 on the expression of multiple genes in prostatic stromal cells in vitro. Methods The primary culture of prostatic stromal cells (including fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells ) have been established and cultured to 4～6 passages. Then the cells were cultured in the medium with various concentration of TGF ? 1(0.01, 0.10, 1.00 and 10.0 ng/ml)for 48h. By semi quantitative RT PCR method, the androgen receptor(AR), TGF ? 1, bFGF and smoothlin mRNA were measured. Results The expression of AR could be stimulated by low concentration of TGF ? 1 ( P

Objective To investigate the clinical and pathological features of urothelial carcinoma with clear cell variant.Methods The pathological and clinical data of 7 cases pathological diagnosed urothelial carcinoma with clear cell variant between March 2005 and May 2014 were retrospectively reviewed.There were 6 males and 1 female,aged 46-75 years (mean,61 years).Clinical manifestations included gross hematuria in 5 cases,hematuria and backache in another 2 cases.The mean tumor size was 3.5 cm (ranged 2.0-6.0 cm).One case was multiple tumor and 6 cases were single tumor.Five cases were positive in urine cytology.All the 7 cases accepted surgical treatment,including radical nephroureterectomy in 2 cases,transurethral resection of bladder tumor plus pharmorubicin regular intravesicalinstillationin 1 case,and radical cystectomy in 4 patients.Results Pathological findings revealed that all the tumors were high-grade urothelial carcinoma with clear cell variant in different proportion.Among them,clear cell tumor was predominant in 1 case and focal in other 6 cases.Meanwhile,tumorsaccompanied by glandular differentiation were found in 2 cases,squamous differentiation was found in 1 case,and micropapillary variant was found in 1 case.Vascular tumor embolus was found in 4 cases.Pathological stage was pT2a (n =1),pT2b (n =3),and pT3a (n =3).Immunohistochemicalstaining revealed cytokeratin 7 (+),cytokeratin 20 (+),epithelial membrane antigen (+)and prostate specific antigen (-).Six cases were followed up.The bladder preservation case was followed up for 8 months without recurrence.In 3 radical cystectomy cases,1 died of cancer 25 months after surgery and another 2 case were followed up for 10 and 12 months after surgery without recurrence and metastasis.In 2 nephroureterectomy cases,1 died of tumor metastasis 18 months after surgery and the other case was followed up for 6 months without recurrence or metastasis.Conclusions Urothelialcarcinoma with clear cell variant is a malignancy often with advanced stage and poor prognosis.Radical surgery is recommended for the treatment.

Objective To investigate the relationship between postoperative cognitive dysfunc-tion and plasma cortisol levels in aged patients undergoing total hip replacement surgery. Methods Ninety patients aged 65-75 years old,scheduled for total hip replacement surgery under general anesthesia were enrolled in the present study.Cognitive state was tested by mini-mental state examination (MMSE).The patients were divided into two groups,POCD group and non-POCD group.Perioperative plasma levels of cortisol were determined on 2 d preoperative,2 d postoperative and 7 d postoperative.Results Incidence of POCD after 7 d in aged patients undergoing total hip re-placement surgery was 37.8%.Compared with day 2 d preoperative,plasma cortisol levels in POCD patients significantly increased on 2 d and 7 d post operation (P <0.01 or P <0.05).Compared with non-POCD patients,cortisol levels on the 2 d and 7 d postoperative day significantly increased in POCD patients (P <0.05).Plasma cortisol levels showed a negative correlation with MMSE scores on postoperative 2 d and 7 d(P <0.01).Conclusion Elderly patients have a relatively higher incidence of POCD after hip replacement surgery.POCD may be caused by high plasma cortisol levels in elderly patients following hip replacement surgery under general anesthesia.

ObjectiveTo explore the clinical effect of oral administration and external application of traditional Chinese medicine on early stage of osteofascial compartment syndrome. Methods56 early osteofascial compartment syndrome patients had assigned in two groups randomly, each group had 28 patients. The treatment group used topo-application Xiaoyu tincture,after aseptic gauze sodden by physic liquor,affected limb would coverd by the aseptic gauze and change of dressing every two hours,oral administration of Xingqihuayu decoction. The control group used 250ml of 20％ mannitol with dehydration therapy,two times everyday;654-2 bullet 10ml to intramuscular injection,three times every day. ResultsAfter the treatment,the results showed that the treatment group was much better than the control group at the time of ache abatement,swelling regression and disappear of all levels injury, arteriae dorsalis pedis changing. The difference had statistical significance( P ＜ 0.05). ConclusionTopo-application chinese drugs pharmaceutics of Xiaoyu tincture and oral administration of Xingqihuayu decoction was a available nonspecific treatment to early osteofascial compartment syndrome.

As a new model of pre-cancer, organoid is essential for the basic understanding of tumor characteristic and effective tumor treatment. Organoids derived from prostate play an especially important role in the research of fundamental oncology and anticancer drug screen against prostate cancer. Prostate cancer cell lines and xenografts derived directly from primary human tumors are widely used now as models to study prostate cancer and have proven very valuable. But there are some caveats and shortcomes of these two models that have to be accounted for. Here we outline organoid as a third preclini?cal cancer model which may potentially overcome the shortcomes of cancer cell lines and PDTX. This article aims to summa?rizee recent progress of the role of organoid in prostate cancer research.

Objective To investigate the clinical and pathological features of small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Methods The pathological and clinical data of 9 cases of small cell carcinoma were analyzed retrospectively. There were 6 males and 3 females, ages 45 to 79 years (mean age, 62 years). Clinical manifestations of 7 cases included gross hematuria and dysuria, the other 2 cases experienced lower abdominal pain. The mean tumor size was 2.0 cm (ranged, 0.5 to 7.0 cm). Two cases had multiple tumors and 5 cases had single tumors. The growth pattern in 2 cases was diffuse growth in the whole bladder. In 4 cases tumor cells were found in urine cytology. All 9 patients underwent surgical treatment, including TURBt. Four patients were diagnosed as superficial tumors before operation. All the patients underwent regular theprubicine irrigation in the bladder. One case underwent additional intravenous chemotherapy for 3 cycles. Partial cystectomy was performed in 2 cases, with regular theprubicine irrigation in bladder and 1 case underwent intravenous chemotherapy for 2 cycles. Radical cystectomy was performed in 3 cases, with 2 cases undergoing intravenous chemotherapy after operation. Results Pathological findings showed that tumor cells were small and round in shape. These hyperchromatic nuclei showed limited cytoplasm with lack of nesting characters. CgA and NSE were positive in immunohistochemistry. The final diagnosis was small cell carcinoma, with 1 case accompanied with transitional cell carcinoma and 1 case accompanied with prostate cancer. One case showed high preoperative serum calcium (3.15 mmol/L) and low serum phosphate (0.61 mmol/L), which returned to normal 1 month after operation. Four cases who′s bladder was preserved were followed up, 3 cases were alive for 4, 9 and 25 months after operation. The 1 case who underwent intravenous chemotherapy was followed up for 24 months and there was no sign of relapse or metastasis. In all the 3 cases with radical cystectomy, 2 cases died 2 and 28 months postoperativly. Another case with adjuvant chemotherapy was followed up for 24 months without recurrence or metastasis. Conclusions Small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder is highly malignant with poor prognosis. Radical cystectomy in combination with systemic chemotherapy has better efficacy. Retained bladder surgery with systemic chemotherapy is an alternative choice. The most important factors which influence the prognosis of the tumor are clinical stage and therapeutic methods.

ObjectiveTo discuss the characters and management of renal lymphangiectasia.MethodsThe clinical data of two cases of renal lymphangiectasia were reviewed. The first patient was a 37-year-old woman with the chief complaint of lumbago in the right flank for 8 days.B-ultrasound showed mixed echo in perinephric space. On CT, similar appearances of fluid collections were seen, but not conspicuous. Conservative treatment was taken for three weeks and the symptoms were relieved. Three month later the patient had right lumbago relapse. CT scan revealed a large amount of fluid collection under the capsule of the right kidney. Percutaneous drainage was carried out. Two months later B-ultrasound showed fluid collection in perinephric space and percutaneous drainage again the fluid was sent to pathology. The second case was a 32-year-old woman with the chief complaint of lumbago in the left flank for the past three years. Ultrasonography revealed hyperechoic surrounding the left kidney. CT scan showed a left perinephric collection of fluid attenuation and circumferentially draping around the kidney. Renal lymphangioma was diagnosed and the patient underwent surgery.ResultsNeedle aspiration of the perinephric fluid was carried out, and laboratory analysis showed most leucocytes were lymphocytes. The pathologic diagnosis of the first case was renal lymphangiectasia. There was no recurrence during follow - up of two months. The second case was diagnosed renal lymphangioma pathologically. Follow - up for nine years, revealed no relapse.ConclusionsUltrasonography and CT contributed to the diagnosis of renal lymphangiectasia. Needle aspiration bioposy and histology could confirm it. Treatment of asymptomatic cases is not required. When collections are very large and cause symptoms, percutaneous drainage may be carried out however there is a risk of relapse.

Objective To investigate the histopathologic characteristics of bladder tumor and provide theoretical basis for the reasonable selection of treatment modality.Methods This retrospective study collected the pathological data of 4 200 bladder tumor from May 2001 to October 2014.There were 3 443 male and 757 female, and the average diameter of these tumors was (1.8 ± 0.6) cm (ranged 0.2 to 6.5 cm).Among all cases, 3 214 (76.5％) cases were solitary tumor while 986 (23.5％) were multiple tumors.The histologic subtype, pathological grade and stage, the existence of vascular and lymphovascular invasion, tumor in situ, abnormal variants and rare subtypes were recorded and analyzed.Results 162 cases (3.9％)were benign tumors and 4 038 cases (96.1％)were malignant tumors including 4 008 cases of urothelial cancer (UC), 18 cases of primary adenocarcinoma and 12 cases of primary bladder squamous carcinoma.Furthermore, 2 460 (61.4％)cases were high grade UC while 1 548(38.6％)cases were low grade.320 cases were found intravascular tumor embolus or lymphovascular tumor thrombus and 391 (9.3％)cases were found metaplasia of squamous epithelium.Moreover, there were 230 cases of squamous differentiation, 120 cases of glandular differentiation, 110 cases of both squamous and glandular differentiation, and 39 cases (0.9％)of other rare subtypes or variations.On pathological stage, 112 (2.8 ％) cases were carcinoma in situ, 548 (13.7％)cases were Ta, 2 599(65.1％)cases were T1, 480(12％)cases were T2, 92 cases(2.3％)were T3 and 23 cases(0.6％)were T4 stage, with the rest cases being unable to be accurate staging.Multiple Logistic regression analysis revealed that lymphovascular invasion was related to tumor grade , pathological stage and abnormal differentiation (P ＜ 0.02).Moreover, UC with squamous and glandular differentiation were related with tumor recurrence and progression (P =0.02).Conclusions Most bladder tumors were high grade and low stage urothelial cancer with various forms of differentiation.Squamous and glandular differentiation were most common variation which should be avoided to diagnosed as hybrid carcinoma.Lymphovascular tumor thrombus and abnormal differentiation were correlated with tumor stage and grade.

Objective To study the different expressions of neurotensin (NT) at gene and protein level in orthotopic model of prostate cancer . Methods The animal models of androgen dependent prostate cancer(ADPC,castrated for 3 days) and androgen independent prostate cancer(AIPC) were established by planting tumor tissue or undergoing surgical castra-tion. Affymetrix microarray technology was carried out to compare the gene expressions of NT. The result was verified by qRT-PCR. HE staining was used to observe the change of pathology. ELSIA and immunohistochemistry technology were fi-nally performed to detect protein expression of prostate-specific antigen(PSA) and NT in three different groups of prostate cancer tumor tissues. Results The expression of NT was 5.10 times higher in AIPC group than that in ADPC group. The ex-pression of NT was 0.33 times lower in castrated 3-day group than that in ADPC group. Results of RT-PCR and qRT-PCR showed that the expression levels of NT gene were 1.41 and 7.27 times respectively higher in AIPC group than that in ADPC group,but the expression levels of NT gene were 0.78 and 0.46 times respectively lower in castrated 3-day group than that in ADPC group (P<0.05). HE results showed that nuclear atypia and tumor structure in three groups. Immunohistochemistry and ELISA results showed that the values of PSA and NT were (0.48±0.03) and (0.031±0.008)μg/L in ADPC group;(0.17± 0.03) and (0.021±0.004)μg/L in castrated 3-day group,and (0.87±0.02) and (0.042±0.010)μg/L in AIPC group. There were significantly lower expressions of NT and PSA in castrated 3-day group that those of ADPC group (P<0.01). Conclusion In the transition from ADPC to AIPC, the over-expression of NT suggested that NT may be associated with prostate cancer progression. NT may be used as a new therapeutic target and specific diagnostic method of AIPC.

Objective To study the clinicopathologic features and prognosis factor of Chinese lymphoblastic lymphoma.Methods 105 LBL cases were collected.Routine HE staining,immunostaining were used to investigate the clinicopathologic features,immunotype.Results The ratio of male to female was 1.76:1 (67:38),the medial age was 13 years old (0-73 years old).53 cases (53/105,50.48 ％) primarily showed lymph node involvement,including 34 cases (34/53,64.15 ％) showed jugular node involvement;mediastinum (12/52,23.08 ％) was the most frequent extranodal involvement site.69 cases (69/105,65.71％)showed bone marrow involvement with 15 cases as the primary involvement.The expression of TdT,CD99,CD3(E),CD20,CD79a,PAX5,MPO,CD34 and CD117 was 84.76 ％ (89/105),85.00 ％ (68/80),54.37 ％ (56/103),16.67 ％ (16/96),40.00 ％ (8/20),46.67 ％ (28/60),14.29 ％ (8/56),25.00 ％ (4/16) and 0.All cases were divided in to two groups,62 cases as T-LBL (59.05 ％,62/105) and 33 cases as B-LBL (31.43 ％,33/105),with 9 cases (8.57 ％,9/105) without the expression of T or B cell marker and 1 cases with the expression of both T and B cell marker.61 cases were detected the expression of myeloid markers and 8 cases were positive.All cases were followed up.The medial survival was 36 months.The survival at 1 year,2 year and 3 year was 66.67 ％ (70/105),48.81％ (41/84) and 20.69 ％ (12/58) respectively.Age was the prognosis associated factor.The children had better progonosis than adults.Immunotype,bone marrow involovement and transplantation didn' t show prognosis indicator (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion Most of Chinese LBL occurs in child and younger male,multi-lymphadehypertrophy and bone marrow involvement are common.LBL is an aggressive tumor.Age is the prognosis associated factor.Children have a better prognosis than the adult.