BACKGROUND: The water molecules and biological macromolecules in human tissue may combine to form hydrate composite. Different types of macromolecules show different approaches to combine with water molecules. OBJECTIVE: To discuss the basic form of water molecules combined with biological macromolecules. METHODS: The theoretical hypothesis of texture composite hydration system was proposed. The relevant literatures were retrieved through the computer to discuss these issues. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: According to the role of water in the hydrate composite, the composite ways can be divided into the following 4 groups. ①Surfaca composite: Hydrated membrane layers can form on the surface of globular protein or DNA molecules. The hydrated membrane layer shows that the speed of water molecular and hydrate density were reduced gradually from surface to inside. The hydrated layer makes the shape and physical state of the macromolecules stabilized, and it plays important role in forming of TCHS.②Swelling composite: As a result of the strong hydration of glycosaminoglycans, the hydrated proteoglycan often swells and shows high viscosity and hydrogel character. The hydrated proteoglycan play some mechanicalroles in connective tissue. For example, it can make the cartilage have a strong deformation-resistibility.③Hydrophobic composite: Hydr0phobic effect drives structural rearrangement, including the formation of bilayers (Bio-membrane). This hydrophilic-hydrophobic-hydrophilic "sandwich" structure is conducive to the self-stability in mechanics, combination with membrane protein and transmembrane transport. ④Slit composite: A lot of slit spaces with nano scale were existing inside and outside of the cells. Aqueous solution in the slit spaces shows some abnormal characters such as higher viscosity and lower ice point, because of the rearrangement of water molecules. Slit composite and surface composite have some universality, and it can be regarded the former as a special case of the latter. The classification way mentioned above has not any absolute connotations. However, the rational utilization of these hydration composite ways will be conducive to research the theory on textural composite hydrate system.

Two types of catheter made of polymeric hydrogel were prepared and their mechanical properties were studied. The results showed PVA hydrogel catheter was prepared by repeated freezing-thawing cycles of PVA solution in mould. Another type of catheter (PVA-DMSO - hydrogel ) was prepared by cooling the PVA solution containing 10%wt DMSO in mould. The tensile strength (30～40MPa)and elongation(380 %～400%) of these two types of catheter were comparable with those of commercial PVC catheter and silicone rubber catheter. But the elastic modulus of PVA-DMSO hydrogel catheter was 10MPa,near to silicone rubber catheter and that of PVA hydrogel catheter was only 4MPa. γ-ray irradiation for sterile made 40%～50% loss of tensile strength for both catheter. Dipping in hibitane aqueous solution didn\'t affect mechanical properties.The obvious difference in mechanical properties was due to the difference in the orientation of PVA molecule chain and crystalline structure.

A new kind of medical sponges,ionic polyvinyl alcohol sponges(i-PVA sponges)were prepared by surface-grafting of acrylic acid onto acetal-PVA sponges.i-PVA sponges obtained show excellent hydrophilicity and water-absorption.The i-PVA sponges are three dimentional porous network.Because there are great amount of carboxyl and sodium carboxylate groups on PVA molecule chains,the speed of water absorption and water-absorptivity is >2.9mm/s and >15 times respectively.That is,in the case of the cataract-extraction,the polyion-modified sponges much more advantageous than any traditional nonionic polymer sponges.

Objective:To investigate the effects of pulmonary fever and cough oral liquid combined with chlorpheniramine on symptoms,pro/anti-inflammatory balance and prognosis in children with chronic cough.Methods:A total of 150 children with chronic cough in Luohe Central Hospital from June 2017 to December 2019 were selected,and randomly divided into 3 groups,with 50 cases in each group.All 3 groups were treated with conventional treatment,pulmonary fever and cough oral solution+chlorpheniramine in group A,pulmonary fever and cough oral solution in group B,and chlorpheniramine in group C,all treated for 10 days.Clinical efficacy,adverse effects,prognosis and pre-and post-treatment symptom scores,respiratory physiological indexes[maximum mid-expiratory flow rate(MMEF75/25),1st second forceful expiratory volume as a percentage of expected value(FEV1%),maximum peak expiratory flow rate(PEF)],pro/anti-inflammatory factors(IL-5,IL-13,IFN-γ,IL-10)were observed in three groups.Results:①Total treat-ment efficiency and PEF,MMEF75/25,FEV1%in group A were higher than those in groups B and C,while symptom scores were lower than those in groups B and C(P<0.05),there was no statistically significant difference between the total treatment efficiency,symp-tom scores and respiratory physiological indexes in groups B and C(P>0.05);②After treatment,levels of IL-5 and IL-13 in group A were lower than those in groups B and C,while levels of IFN-γ and IL-10 were higher than those in groups B and C.Moreover,levels of IL-5 and IL-13 in group B were lower than those in group C,while levels of IFN-γ and IL-10 were higher than those in group C(P<0.05);③There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of adverse reactions and recurrence rate between the three groups(P>0.05).Conclusion:Pulmonary fever and cough oral liquid combined with chlorpheniramine is effective in treating chronic cough,which is beneficial in relieving cough symptoms and improving respiratory function,and the mechanism may be related to cor-recting the pro-inflammatory/anti-inflammatory imbalance.

Objective:To investigate the association between serum thyroid level and prognosis of critically ill children with euthyroid sick syndrome(ESS).Methods:The clinical data and serum thyroid hormone levels of 176 children with ESS who were admitted to the Department of Pediatric Intensive Care Medicine at West China Second Hospital of Sichuan University from January 2015 to April 2021 were retrospectively collected.According to the prognosis, the children were divided into improved group and invalid group, as well as basic disease group and non basic disease group, and the differences of thyroid hormone between two groups were compared.The pediatric risk of mortality Ⅲ(PRISMⅢ) scores within 24 hours of admission were assessed, and the correlation between thyroid hormone level and PRISMⅢ score was analyzed.Results:Among 176 critically ill children with ESS, the most common diseases were sepsis(31.8%), severe pneumonia (23.8%) and heart failure(10.7%), respectively.The levels of free T3(FT3), T3, free T4(FT4) and T4 in invalid group were significantly lower than those in improved group ( P<0.05), but there was no statistical difference in thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) level between two groups( P>0.05). The levels of FT3, T3, FT4 and T4 were negatively correlated with PRISMⅢ score( r=-0.419, -0.459, -0.341, -0.383, respectively, P<0.05), and there was no correlation between TSH level and PRISMⅢ score ( P>0.05). The common underlying diseases of severe children with ESS were malnutrition(31/98), heart disease(30/98), hematologic neoplasms(15/98), and bronchopulmonary dysplasia(10/98). The median age of children in basic disease group was younger than that in non-basic disease group(0.7 years old vs. 2.0 years old, P<0.05); The proportion of children with underlying diseases in invalid group was 24.5%, which was significantly higher than that of children without underlying diseases (6.4%), and the difference was statistically significant ( P<0.05); There were no significant differences in the levels of FT3, T3, FT4, T4 and TSH between two groups ( P>0.05). Conclusion:In critically ill children, a variety of diseases can lead to ESS, and sepsis is the most common disease.Young children with underlying diseases should be more alert to ESS.The more severe the disease, the greater the decline of FT3, T3, FT4 and T4 levels.When low T3, T4 and TSH occur simultaneously, the prognosis of the children may be worse.Thyroid hormone level could be used as an indicator to evaluate the prognosis of critically ill children, which is needed further studies to explore.

Medical mutual aid is an important component of multi-level medical security system. West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan University led the establishment of the pediatric specialty alliance " West China Women and Children Alliance". Based on customized and inclusive mutual insurance product " Family Doctor Mutual Aid Plan", the alliance implemented key links such as mutual aid product forms, patient risk protection, institutional financing and hematopoiesis, and distribution of benefits to all parties, explored innovative mutual aid funding, payment, and incentive mechanisms, forming a closed-loop pediatric tiered diagnosis and treatment service system with the Mutual Aid Plan as the core. This system operated continuously under the " Four-in-One" framework, stimulating the integration of medical insurance and service supply systems while enhancing the synergistic effect between mutual insurance and social security. It has formed a distinctive health-centered multi-level medical security system within the alliance, and could provide reference for the construction and exploration of hierarchical diagnosis and treatment system.

" Two-way referral, and synergy between the tertiary hospitals and primary institutions" is the core measure for promoting hierarchical diagnosis and treatment in the region. The authors introduced the exploration and practice of constructing a two-way referral path in the medical alliance based on telemedicine in West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan University. As of May 2021, the hospital had established a two-way referral path with 52 member hospitals of the medical alliance. By clarifying the functionality and positioning of these institutions, optimizing work processes and IT support, building the mechanism of referral and liaison, and that of appraisal as support, these efforts had achieved progresses in such fields as innovative medical service modes, lean management of referral processes, and promotion of hierarchical diagnosis and treatment system building.

As one of the main forms of the medical alliance, the specialty alliance functions as a service carrier for hierarchical medical service and resources integration in the region. The authors introduced the exploration and practice of the West China Women′s and Children′s Alliance, the first pediatric specialty alliance in Sichuan, established by the West China Second Hospital of Sichuan University. Based on family doctor contracted services, the West China Women′s and Children′s Alliance took such measures as differentiated functional positioning, assessment of certified physicians, continuous online quality control, construction of referral platforms, and innovative payment mechanisms. Such efforts effectively integrated the three stages of pre-hospital " preventive care" , in-hospital " disease diagnosis and treatment" , and post-hospital " follow-up management" , exploring the homogenization of medical services within the alliance, and forming a pediatric closed-loop health management system, hence improving the primary medical services.

Unreasonable usage of antibiotics has become a prominent problem in clinic, which directly leads to the emergence of multidrug resistant bacteria infection, thus significantly increasing the difficulty of clinical anti-infection treatment.Relevant researches show that the infection range of multidrug resistant bacteria continues increasing, and its resistance gradually deepens, especially in children.Because of the distribution of multidrug resistant bacteria in dynamic changes, and the types and drug resistance of multidrug resistant bacteria that infect children are different from those in adults, leading to clinical treatment more difficult in pediatric.Therefore, the status analysis of multidrug resistant bacteria infections in Chinese children can promote the standardized use of antibiotics, therefore delaying or reducing the invasion of children by multidrug resistant bacteria.

Objective:Based on multi-parametric prostate magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) and related clinical indicators, a nomogram model for patients with PI-RADS ≥3 and PSA 4-20ng/ml was developed and validated, and the predictive value of the model in diagnosing clinically significant prostate cancer was evaluated.Methods:The clinical and pathological data of 865 patients who underwent ultrasound-guided transperineal prostate biopsy for the first time at the Department of Urology, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University from January 2020 to August 2023, with PI-RADS scores ≥3 and PSA levels between 4-20 ng/ml were retrospectively analyzed. These 865 patients were included in Cohort A, and from them, 437 patients with PHI were selected in Cohort B. In Cohort A, the median age was 68(64, 73); the median f/tPSA was 14.36 (10.63, 19.74); the median PSAD was 0.17(0.11, 0.25); 375 cases (43.35%) with PV≤50 ml and 490 cases (56.65%) with PV>50 ml; PSA fluctuation <-50% 84 cases (9.71%), -50%--20% in 206 cases (23.82%), and >-20% in 575 cases (66.47%); PI-RADS v2.1 3 scores 546 cases (63.12%), 4 in 230 cases (23.59%), and 5 in 89 cases (10.29%); localization of suspicious lesions on mpMRI in the peripheral zone in 619 cases (71.56%), transitional zone in 181 cases (20.92%), others in 42 cases (4.86%), and both peripheral and transitional zones in 23 cases (2.66%). In Cohort B, the median PSAD was 0.17 (0.12, 0.25); the median D-dimer was 310.00 (230.00, 411.48); the median PHI was 49.75 (35.90, 73.27); with 198 cases (45.31%) with PV≤50 ml and 239 cases (54.69%) with PV>50 ml; PSA fluctuation<-50% was in 40 cases (9.15%), -50%--20% in 107 cases (24.49%), and>-20% in 290 cases (66.39%); PI-RADS v2.1 scores 3 was in 289 cases (66.13%), 4 in 103 cases (23.57%), and 5 in 45 cases (10.30%).Patients in cohorts A and B were randomly assigned to the training set and validation set using R language with " 123" as the random number seed, at a ratio of 7∶3.There was no statistically significant difference between the clinical data of the training and validation sets for both groups ( P>0.05).Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to identify independent risk factors for CsPCa, and a nomogram model was constructed using R. The diagnostic performance of the prediction model was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, calibration curves, and decision curve analysis(DCA).External validation of the model was conducted in the validation set. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), accuracy, and missed diagnosis rate analyses were performed on nomogram models A and B, as well as PSAD and PHI, under different thresholds. Results:Cohort A training set has 608 cases, and the validation set has 257 cases.The results of multivariate backward regression analysis in the training set show that age( OR=1.06, P=0.001), f/tPSA( OR=0.96, P=0.008), prostate volume (PV)>50ml( OR=0.36, P<0.01), prostate-specific antigen density(PSAD)( OR=145.19, P<0.01), PSA fluctuation(-50%--20%: OR=1.97, P=0.234; >-20%: OR=6.81, P<0.01), PI-RADS v2.1 score(4: OR=10.65, P<0.01; 5: OR=21.20, P<0.01), and localization of suspicious lesions on mpMRI(TZ: OR=0.57, P=0.074; Others: OR=0.26, P=0.022) were all risk factors for CsPCa. Nomogram A was developed based on these risk factors and had an area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.905 (95% CI 0.881-0.928) for the training set and 0.893 (95% CI 0.854-0.931) for the validation set. Cohort B training set developed based on age( OR=1.05, P=0.053), PV>50ml( OR=0.18, P<0.01), PSAD( OR=54.14, P=0.021), PSA fluctuation(-50%--20%: OR=4.78, P=0.100; >-20%: OR=20.37, P=0.001), PHI( OR=1.02, P=0.002), D-Dimer( OR=1.00, P=0.031), and PI-RADS scores(4: OR=11.35, P<0.01; 5: OR=57.61, P<0.01) as risk factors for CsPCa. Nomogram B had an AUC of 0.933(95% CI 0.906-0.959) for the training set and 0.908 (95% CI 0.859-0.958) for the validation set.The two nomogram models mentioned above both have excellent discrimination, and the calibration curves also indicated that the calibration of the two models were good.Moreover, both nomogram A and nomogram B demonstrate good clinical net benefits in the DCA curves of the training and validation sets, especially when applying nomogram B to predict CsPCa, with an accuracy rate of up to 85.82%. Conclusions:The two nomogram models developed in study, based on mpMRI and related clinical indicators, both have excellent predictive value for the diagnosis of clinically significant prostate cancer prior to prostate biopsy in patients with PI-RADS≥3 and PSA 4-20ng/ml.