HGK is a germinal center kinase (GCK)-Ⅳand is involved in controlling cellular processes, such as cell motility, cy-toskeleton rearrangement, and cell proliferation. HGK is involved in a very complex network of signaling pathways and interactions in-volved in diseases, such as diabetes or cancer. HGK was determined to be highly overexpressed in different types of cancers, such as ovarian cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, and prostate cancer. Recent findings have shown that HGK is a novel target that may provide insight into new therapies to prevent or even treat many metabolic diseases, such as diabetes or even co-lon cancer, prostate cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, or hepatic cancer.

Objective To evaluate the use of bunching forceps during radical prostatectomy. Methods 14 cases of radical prostatectomy/cystectomy were performed with the use of bunching forceps to control bleeding from the dorsal vein complex. Results The procedure resulted in minimal bleeding from dorsal complex and was helpful in rhabdosphincter. Conclusions The bunching forceps is very valuable for controlling bleeding from dorsal vein complex and for preserving rhabdosphincter.

Objective To study the regulatory effect of TGF ? 1 on the expression of multiple genes in prostatic stromal cells in vitro. Methods The primary culture of prostatic stromal cells (including fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells ) have been established and cultured to 4～6 passages. Then the cells were cultured in the medium with various concentration of TGF ? 1(0.01, 0.10, 1.00 and 10.0 ng/ml)for 48h. By semi quantitative RT PCR method, the androgen receptor(AR), TGF ? 1, bFGF and smoothlin mRNA were measured. Results The expression of AR could be stimulated by low concentration of TGF ? 1 ( P

Objective To investigate a minimal invasive surgical therapy for tumors in the an terior wall close to bladder neck. Methods A 5～10 mm incision was made in abdominal wall below the umbilicus and laparoscopic devices were introduced into the bladder.Tumors were excised and coa gulated under the monitoring of cystoscopy. Results Tumors at the anterior wall of bladder were easily exposed and removed.The recovery time was nearly the same as that of TURBT.No tumor recurrence was observed in 3～10 months period. Conclusions Tumors at the anterior wall of bladder could be easily removed by the combined use of cystoscopy and laparoscopy and open surgery might be avoided.

Objective To investigate the clinical features and prognosis of the patients with renal cell carcinoma and venous tumor thrombus.Methods Fifty-six patients with renal cell carcinoma and venous tumor thrombus were selected as our subjects,who underwent radical nephrectomy and thrombectomy in the Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University from June 2002 to May 2014.There were 28 patients with stage Ⅰ tumor thrombus,l5with stage Ⅱtumor thrombus,9 with stage Ⅲ tumor thrombus and 4 with stage Ⅳtumor thrombus.All patients underwent renal tumor resection and embolectomy,and were follow-up.Results Of all the patients,46 were male and 10 were female with a mean age of 61.7(age ranging from 42 to 83).Twenty-four were presented on the left kidney and 32 were right.The clinical features were as follows:The tumor size was 2.5 to 14 cm in diameter(mean:6.2 cm),there were 21 cases with low back pain,18 cases with hematuria,lcases with abdominal.Pathological results showed that 39 with clear cell carcinoma,9 with papillary cell carcinoma,3 with chromophobe cell carcinoma,1 with low-differentiated cell carcinoma and 1 with undifferentiated cell carcinoma,3 with sarcomatoid differentiation.Forty-three patients were followed up,and the median follow up period was 20.4 months (2-90 months).The median survival time for the patients was 47 months and the 5 year overall survival was 45.2％.The survival time of the patients with early tumor thrombus(below hepaticvein) was (55.3 ± 4.9) month,significantly longer than that of the patients with advanced tumor thrombus (above hepaticvein) ((24.8 ± 5.3) months,P =0.047).Conclusion Patients with renal cell carcinoma and venous tumor thrombus are characterized with high malignancy and poor prognosis.Surgical operations are effective therapies for the patients.Long term outcome of the early tumor thrombus patients is significantly better than that of the advanced tumor.

As a new model of pre-cancer, organoid is essential for the basic understanding of tumor characteristic and effective tumor treatment. Organoids derived from prostate play an especially important role in the research of fundamental oncology and anticancer drug screen against prostate cancer. Prostate cancer cell lines and xenografts derived directly from primary human tumors are widely used now as models to study prostate cancer and have proven very valuable. But there are some caveats and shortcomes of these two models that have to be accounted for. Here we outline organoid as a third preclini?cal cancer model which may potentially overcome the shortcomes of cancer cell lines and PDTX. This article aims to summa?rizee recent progress of the role of organoid in prostate cancer research.

Objective To investigate the high-risk factors leading to a poor prognosis of small renal cell carcinoma, and provide theoretical basis for the individualized treatment regimen. Methods This retrospective study analyzed the clini?cal and histological data of 18 patients with small renal cell carcinoma treated in the Department of Urology of the Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University from January 2004 to July 2015. All the patients underwent ultrasound, plain and en?hanced CT examinations, also, received the surgeries. The tumor diameters, pathological types, pathological stages, Fuhrman grading of tumors and the prognosis of patients were analyzed. Results Preoperative CT examination revealed that 18 pa?tients with the average tumor diameter of (3.1 ± 0.6) cm (ranged 2.0 to 4.0 cm). Five patients were diagnosed as T1aN0M0, 4 patients with T1aN0M1 (3 cases with lung metastasis, 1 case with brain metastasis), 3 patients with T1aN1M0 (CT examina?tion showed a lymph node metastasis), 6 patients with T3aN0M0 (renal vein invasion or renal vein tumor thrombus). Patholog?ical examination after surgery showed that 12 patients were Fuhrman gradeⅡ, 5 were gradeⅢand 1 was gradeⅣ;15 cases were clear cell carcinomas, 1 case was papillary carcinoma, 1 was hybrid cellular tumor (malignant rhabdoid tumor with sar?comatoid differentiation) and the last case was sarcomatoid carcinoma renal cell carcinoma (Fuhrman grade V). 4 patients (T3a, Fuhrman grade Ⅱ) underwent retroperitoneal laparoscopic partial nephrectomy and the remaining underwent laparo?scopic radical nephrectomy. The median follow-up time was 22.5 months (ranged 6 to 48 months). Four cases died (2 cases with tumor diameters of 3.8 cm and 4.0 cm at preliminary diagnosis,2 cases with sarcomatoid renal carcinoma and 1 with brain metastasis), 1 case was lost. Other patients were found no tumor recurrence and metastasis. Conclusion The small re?nal cell tumor with diameter≥3.0 cm, FuhrmanⅢ/Ⅳgrade,sarcomatoid cancer or metastasis should be considered as high-risk factors of small renal cell carcinoma. The high-risk small renal cell carcinoma is heterogeneous in its biological behav?ior, which is expressed as aggressive growth and early invasion of renal tissue and even metastasis. The individualized treat? ment should be made based on preoperative imaging findings and postoperative pathology.

The androgen receptor (AR), a nuclear hormone and transcription factor, is the most therapeutic relevant target in pros-tate cancer (PCa) and in the castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Significant efforts have been focused on understanding the mechanisms involved in the development and progression of CRPC. Recent work has revealed the importance of epigenetic events in-cluding the regulation of AR signaling by methylation, acetylation, and non-coding RNA in the tumorigenesis and development of PCa. We summarize recent findings on the mechanisms of epigenetic regulation of AR signaling in PCa.

Objective To investigate the clinical and pathological features of urothelial carcinoma with clear cell variant.Methods The pathological and clinical data of 7 cases pathological diagnosed urothelial carcinoma with clear cell variant between March 2005 and May 2014 were retrospectively reviewed.There were 6 males and 1 female,aged 46-75 years (mean,61 years).Clinical manifestations included gross hematuria in 5 cases,hematuria and backache in another 2 cases.The mean tumor size was 3.5 cm (ranged 2.0-6.0 cm).One case was multiple tumor and 6 cases were single tumor.Five cases were positive in urine cytology.All the 7 cases accepted surgical treatment,including radical nephroureterectomy in 2 cases,transurethral resection of bladder tumor plus pharmorubicin regular intravesicalinstillationin 1 case,and radical cystectomy in 4 patients.Results Pathological findings revealed that all the tumors were high-grade urothelial carcinoma with clear cell variant in different proportion.Among them,clear cell tumor was predominant in 1 case and focal in other 6 cases.Meanwhile,tumorsaccompanied by glandular differentiation were found in 2 cases,squamous differentiation was found in 1 case,and micropapillary variant was found in 1 case.Vascular tumor embolus was found in 4 cases.Pathological stage was pT2a (n =1),pT2b (n =3),and pT3a (n =3).Immunohistochemicalstaining revealed cytokeratin 7 (+),cytokeratin 20 (+),epithelial membrane antigen (+)and prostate specific antigen (-).Six cases were followed up.The bladder preservation case was followed up for 8 months without recurrence.In 3 radical cystectomy cases,1 died of cancer 25 months after surgery and another 2 case were followed up for 10 and 12 months after surgery without recurrence and metastasis.In 2 nephroureterectomy cases,1 died of tumor metastasis 18 months after surgery and the other case was followed up for 6 months without recurrence or metastasis.Conclusions Urothelialcarcinoma with clear cell variant is a malignancy often with advanced stage and poor prognosis.Radical surgery is recommended for the treatment.

Objective To investigate the clinical feature , pathologic characteristics and prognosis of urothelial carcinoma of bladder with squamous differentiation . Methods From Jan.2010 to Jun.2013, the pathological and clinical data of 96 cases of urothelial carcinoma of bladder with or without squamous dif-ferentiation were compared .Of the group with squamous differentiation , there were 39 males and 9 females with a median age of 70 (29 to 87) years.44 cases presented with painless gross hematuria .4 cases presen-ted with finding of bladder tumors in annual physical examination .TURBT, partial cystectomy and radical cystectomy were performed in 25, 8 and 13 cases, respectively.In addition, one case was only underwent bi-lateral ureteral skin gastrostomy .The last one only performed cystoscopy .In accordance with sex , age, path-ological stage and classification and surgical approach , 48 controls were selected .For the other group , there were 40 males and 8 females with a median age of 68 (39 to 86) years.45 cases presented with painless gross hematuria.3 cases presented with finding bladder tumors by annual physical examination .TURBT, par-tial cystectomy and radical cystectomy were performed in 28, 7 and 13 cases, respectively.All patients with retaining bladder had postoperative intravesical instillation for one year .Some patients with or without bladder performed 3-6 cycles chemotherapy with the GC protocol . Results In squamous differentiation group , there were 1 (2.1%) pTa, 25 (52.1%) pT1, 17 (35.4%) pT2, 4 (8.3%) pT3 and 1 (2.1%) pT4 tumors. Whereas, 1 (2.1%) pTa, 28 (58.3%) pT1, 16 (33.3%) pT2, 2 (4.2%) pT3 and 1 (2.1%)pT4 tumors were selected in the control group .There were 2 (4.2%) cases with low grade and 46 (95.8%) cases with high grade carcinomain in both groups .Patients were followed up with a mean duration of 16 and 12 months in squamous differentiation and control group , respectively .In squamous differentiation group , eight recur-rences were recorded with a mean follow-up of 12 months.Of the 3 died patients, only one died from bladder cancer.In control group, seven recurrences were recorded with a mean follow-up of 22 months, and no pa-tient died.For patients with TURBT, 3 year recurrence rate of patients with squamous differentiation was 49.5%, while the control was 34.8%.The difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusions Urothelial carcinoma of bladder with squamous differentiation is at a high level of malignant and recurrence . The rate of myometrial invasion with squamous differentiation is higher than pure urothelial bladder cancer . Patients with squamous differentiation should be closely followed up .