As the major commercial source of natural rubber,Hevea brasiliensis attracts much attention.However,the heterozygous nature,long breeding cycle are strong limitations for conventional breeding.While genetic engineering,which can be used to widen the germplasm base and produce desirable agronomic traits quickly and efficiently,offers a viable alternative approach to complement traditional breeding.Comprehensive analysis indicates that in the past two decades,with calli derived from immature anther or integumental tissues of immature fruit as receptors,both biolistic and Agrobacterium-mediated transformation methods were employed for developping rubber genotypes with improved latex yield,tolerance to tapping panel dryness syndrome,producing high-value recombinant proteins,etc.Being recalcitrant to tissue culture,the transformation efficiency of Hevea is comparatively low,and the procedures are still needed to optimize.Finally,breeding objectives and strategies to improve transformation efficiency were also proposed in the review.

Calcium hydroxide (CH) is applied to improve disinfection of root canals in most root canal retreatment. This study aimed to analyze the CH removal efficacy using 7 different root preparing files (K file, pre-curved K file, EndoActivator, Ultrasonic file, pre-curved ultrasonic file, F file and needle irrigation alone) with apical transportation. Standardized models of curved canal with such apical transportation or not were set up before applying CH to root canal for 7 days. Seven techniques described above were used for its removal. Then the roots were disassembled and digital photos were taken. The ratio of residual CH in the overall canal surface was calculated using the image analyzer image pro plus 6.0. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA with post hoc Tukey test. Results revealed that CH was effectively removed (P<0.05) by using all 6 mechanical methods except irrigation alone. In curved root canals with apical transportation, EndoActivator, pre-curved ultrasonic file and F file were found to be more effective in removing CH than the other four file (P<0.001), while there was no significant difference among EndoActivator, pre-curved ultrasonic file and F file groups (P>0.05). The percentage of residual CH in the canal with apical transportation was higher than that in the canal without apical transportation (P<0.05). In conclusion, CH can be hardly removed completely. Canal with apical transportation will result in insufficient CH removal. EndoActivator, pre-curved ultrasonic file and F file are more effective in the curved root canal with apical transportation.

Objective - （ ） To investigate the effects of nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2 NRF2 on the oxidative stress （ ） Methods ） ，， induced by trichloromethane TCM in human normal hepatocyte L02 cells. i L02 cells were stimulated with 1 2 ， ， ， （ ）， 4 8 12 16 and 20 mmol/L TCM solution dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide and the control group and blank group were set ， - ， up. After culturing for 24 hours the cell viability was detected by CCK 8 colorimetric method and the concentration of TCM ） -， - stimulation was screened. ii L02 cells in logarithmic growth phase were randomly divided into control group and low medium - ， ， ， and high dose groups. After 24 hours of exposure to 0 4 8 and 12 mmol/L TCM the cells were collected. The activity of （ ）， （ ）， （ - ） （ ） superoxide dismutase SOD catalase CAT glutathione peroxidase GSH Px and the level of malondialdehyde MDA NRF2， - （HO-1）， were detected by colorimetric analysis. The mRNA expression levels of heme oxygenase 1 glutamate cysteine （GCLC） （） （NQO1） - ligase catalytic subunit and NAD P H quinone dehydrogenase 1 were detected by real time fluorescence ， - ， polymerase chain reaction. The protein levels of NRF2 HO 1 GCLC and NQO1 were detected by Western blotting.Results ） ， ， ， ， i When the concentration of TCM was 4 8 12 16 and 20 mmol/L the survival rate of L02 cells decreased （ P ） ， ， significantly compared with the control group all <0.05 . The concentration of 0 4 8 and 12 mmol/L were selected as the ） ， - stimulation doses for subsequent experiments. ii Compared with the control group the activities of SOD and GSH Px in L02 （ P ） （ P ）， - cells in the three doses groups decreased all <0.05 and the levels of MAD increased all <0.05 with a dose effect - （P ）， relationship. The CAT activity of L02 cells in the medium dose group was lower than that in the control group <0.05 and the - （ P ） CAT activity of L02 cells in the high dose group was lower than that in the others three groups all <0.05 . Compared with the ， NRF2 - （P ），NRF2 control group the relative expression levels of mRNA in L02 cells in the low dose group decreased <0.05 - （P ）， NRF2 mRNA in L02 cells in the medium dose group increased <0.05 mRNA and NRF2 protein expression in L02 cells in （ P ） HO-1，GCLC， NQO1 ， the highdose group increased both <0.05 . The relative expression level of mRNA and GCLC NQO1 （ P ） protein expression in L02 cells in the three doses groups increased compared with the control group all <0.05 . The relative NRF2 - - - expression level of mRNA in L02 cells in the high dose group was higher than that in the low and medium dose groups （ P ）， - （P ）， both <0.05 and the relative expression of NRF2 protein was higher than that in the low dose group <0.05 but the HO-1 GCLC - - （ relative expression levels of and mRNA and HO 1 protein level were lower than those in the medium dose group all P ）Conclusion - <0.05 . TCM exposure can inhibit the proliferation of L02 cells by inducing oxidative stress with a dose effect ， relationship. In this process the antioxidant mechanism mediated by NRF2 was activated. The expression of antioxidant defense ， - ， and detoxification related target genes downstream of NRF2 signaling pathway was activated and the expression of HO 1 - GCLC and NQO1 was up regulated to alleviate the oxidative damage caused by TCM.

OBJECTIVETo explore the preventive effect of etomidate-induced myoclonus by different concentrations of target-controlled infusion of remifentanil.

METHODSA total of 120 cases undergoing general anesthesia were randomly divided into 4 groups according to different concentrations of target controlled infusion of remifentanil using plasma target controlled infusion ( Minto model) , in which the target concentration was set as 1 f.Lg/L ( group A) , 2 f.Lg/L ( group B) , 3 f.Lg/L ( group C) , and 4 f.Lg/L ( group D) . Five minutes after the balance of effect compartment, induction with etomidate 0. 3 mglkg was conducted intravenously. The intensity and duration of myoclonus was recorded.

RESULTSThe incidence of etomidate-induced myoclonus was 70.9%, 33.3%, 26.7%, and 0 in groups A, B, C, and D, respectively. Along with the increase of the remifentanil concentration, the incidence of severe myoclonus gradually reduced, which was significantly lower in group B and C than in group A ( P < 0. 05). When the concentration reached 4 f.Lg/L, bradycardia and apnea appeared.

CONCLUSIONMyoclonus induced by etomidate under general anesthesia can be prevented by target controlled infusion of remifentanil, with 2-3 f.Lg/L being the optimal concentration.

Adult ; Anesthetics, Intravenous ; administration & dosage ; adverse effects ; Etomidate ; adverse effects ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Myoclonus ; chemically induced ; prevention & control ; Piperidines ; administration & dosage

Calcium hydroxide (CH) is applied to improve disinfection of root canals in most root canal retreatment. This study aimed to analyze the CH removal efficacy using 7 different root preparing files (K file, pre-curved K file, EndoActivator, Ultrasonic file, pre-curved ultrasonic file, F file and needle irrigation alone) with apical transportation. Standardized models of curved canal with such apical transportation or not were set up before applying CH to root canal for 7 days. Seven techniques described above were used for its removal. Then the roots were disassembled and digital photos were taken. The ratio of residual CH in the overall canal surface was calculated using the image analyzer image pro plus 6.0. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA with post hoc Tukey test. Results revealed that CH was effectively removed (P<0.05) by using all 6 mechanical methods except irrigation alone. In curved root canals with apical transportation, EndoActivator, pre-curved ultrasonic file and F file were found to be more effective in removing CH than the other four file (P<0.001), while there was no significant difference among EndoActivator, pre-curved ultrasonic file and F file groups (P>0.05). The percentage of residual CH in the canal with apical transportation was higher than that in the canal without apical transportation (P<0.05). In conclusion, CH can be hardly removed completely. Canal with apical transportation will result in insufficient CH removal. EndoActivator, pre-curved ultrasonic file and F file are more effective in the curved root canal with apical transportation.
Animals ; Bone Cements ; pharmacology ; Calcium Hydroxide ; pharmacology ; Cattle ; Dental Pulp Cavity ; Disinfectants ; pharmacology ; Root Canal Preparation ; methods

OBJECTIVE: To observe the behaviour and Ca2+ content of spinal cord in rats after continuous spinal anesthesia administration of different densities and doses of ropivacaine in SD rats. METHODS: Twenty-four male SD rats weighing 220 approximately 280 g were anesthetized. A polyurethane microspinal catheter was inserted into the lumbar subarachnoid space 8 cm according to the method of Yaksh's. The animals were randomly divided into 4 groups of 6 each: in group N the rats were given normal saline 40 microl intrathecally every one and half hours for 3 times; in group R1, 0.5% ropivacaine was given; in group R2 0.75% ropivacaine and in group R3 1% ropivacaine was given. The activity of rats was observed. After 6 hours rats were perfused with 4% formamint through the ascending aorta. The rats were sacrificed and L1 approximately 2 segment of spinal cord was immediately removed for Ca2+ content examination. RESULTS: A total hind limbs paralysis was seen at 30 seconds and intramuscular strain gradually came back from 30 to 90 minutes after the intrathecal administration of ropivacaine in all rats. The recovery of motor black was remarkably different in group R1, R2, and R3 (P < 0.05). The Ca2+ content of spinal cord was significantly higher in group R3 than that in group R1 and R2 (P < 0.05 ). CONCLUSION There is no significant change of motor black time and it is related to drug dose for 0.5% , 0.75% and 1% ropivacaine in continuous spinal anesthesia. 1% ropivacaine may increase Ca2+ content in spinal cord.
Amides ; pharmacology ; Anesthesia, Spinal ; Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; Calcium ; metabolism ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Male ; Random Allocation ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Ropivacaine ; Spinal Cord ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo investigate the changes of levels and clinic significance of serum soluble Fas (sFas) and soluble FasL (sFasL) in coal workers' pneumonoconiosis.

METHODSSerum levels of sFas and sFasL were determined in 52 patients with silicosis, 57 coal workers' pneumonoconiosis, 46 healthy underground coal workers' (the underground control group) and 40 healthy volunteers working on the ground (the ground control group) with a sandwich ELISA.

RESULTSCompared to the underground control and the ground control group, the serum levels of sFas and sFasL in the patients with silicosis and the coal workers' pneumonoconiosis were significantly higher (P < 0.01). Serum levels of sFas and sFasL in the underground control group were significantly higher than those in the ground control group (P < 0.01); Serum sFas levels in coal workers' pneumonoconiosis was significantly higher than those in the patients with silicosis (P < 0.01). Although the serum sFasL levels was also increased, there was no significant difference (P > 0.05). In the patients with silicosis and the coal workers' pneumonoconiosis patients, the serum sFas levels in Phase I patients combined with emphysema and simple Phase II + III patients were significantly higher than those in simple Phase I patients (P < 0.01). There was no significant difference in the serum sFasL levels among various groups with different parameters of pneumonoconiosis. In the patients with silicosis and the coal workers' pneumonoconiosis, serum levels of sFas and sFasL were not significantly altered among different duration of exposure to dusts. There was no correlation between serum levels of sFas and sFasL in the patients with silicosis while there was a slightly positive correlation between sFas and sFasL levels in the coal workers' pneumonoconiosis (r = 0.479, P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONIn the patients with silicosis and the coal workers' pneumonoconiosis, the serum levels of sFas and sFasL are abnormal and associated with the development of the pneumonoconiosis. The changes of serum sFas levels may indicate the development and progression of the pneumonoconiosis. The detection of the serum sFas level may be used in the differential diagnosis for the silicosis and the coal worker's pneumonoconiosis.

Adult ; Aged ; Coal Mining ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Fas Ligand Protein ; blood ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pneumoconiosis ; blood ; Silicosis ; blood ; fas Receptor ; blood

OBJECTIVETo observe metabolomic changes in urine of chronic superficial gastritis (CSG) patients with Pi-qi deficiency syndrome (PQDS) or Pi-Wei dampness-heat syndrome (PWDHS), thereby providing scientific evidence for syndrome typing of them.

METHODSUrine samples were collected from CSG patients with PQDS/PWDHS and healthy volunteers, 10 in each group. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR) based metabonomic analysis was performed on urine samples. Contents of related biomarkers were analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA), partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), and urivariate statistical analysis.

RESULTSPLS-DA analysis showed that metabolites among CSG patients with PQDS/PWDHS and healthy volunteers could be mutually distinguished. Seven differentially identified metabolites were screened from urines of CSG patients with PQDS and healthy volunteers included glutamate, methionine, α-oxoglutarate, dimethylglycine, creatinine, taurine, and glucose. Four differentially identified metabolites were screened from urines of CSG patients with PWDHS and healthy volunteers included 2-hydroxybutyric acid, trimethylamine oxide, taurine, and hippuric acid. Eleven differentially identified metabolites were screened from urines of CSG patients with PQDS and PWDHS included fucose, β-hydroxybutyric acid, alanine, glutamate, methionine, succinic acid, citric acid, creatinine, glucose, hippuric acid, and lactic acid.

CONCLUSIONThe metabolic differences of CSG patients PQDS and PWDHS mainly manifested in glycometabolism, lipid metabolism, and amino acids catabolism, and 1H-NMR based metabonomics may be used in classified study of Chinese medical syndrome typing.

Biomarkers ; urine ; Discriminant Analysis ; Gastritis ; urine ; Hot Temperature ; Humans ; Hydroxybutyrates ; Ketoglutaric Acids ; Least-Squares Analysis ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Metabolome ; physiology ; Metabolomics ; Principal Component Analysis ; Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Qi ; Syndrome

Objective To discuss the feasibility, safety and validity of the use of ViabahnTM self-expanding covered stent in endovascular repair of peripheral traumatic pseudoaneurysm (TPA). Methods During the period from June 2012 to April 2014, a total of 8 patients with peripheral TPA were admitted to the Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery of Shanghai Changzheng Hospital . The clinical data were retrospective analyzed. The lesions were located at the common carotid artery (n=4), vertebral artery (n=1), subclavian artery (n=1) and superficial femoral artery (n=2). On the basis of acute and chronic TPA classification and different therapeutic principles, endovascular repair with ViabahnTM self-expanding covered stent was employed in 8 patients. Intraoperative angiographic findings, the size and number of the implanted stent, and the immediate angiographic results after stent implantation were recorded. All the patients were followed up to evaluate the improvement of the symptoms, the effectiveness of the repair of TPA cavity, and the occurrence of endoleak or restenosis. Results Successful implantation of ViabahnTM self-expanding covered stent was accomplished in all 8 patients, with a technical success rate of 100%. Angiography performed immediately after stent implantation showed that complete repair of TPA cavity was obtained in all patients, the distal segment of the parent artery was patent, and no endoleak was observed. The sizes of the stent used in the patients were 8×50 mm (n=2) and 9×50 mm (n=2) in common carotid artery, 6×50 mm (n=1) in vertebral artery, 11×100 mm (n=1) in subclavian artery, and 8×100 mm (n=2) in superficial femoral artery. The patients were followed up for 6-30 months (mean of 14.3 months), and the clinical symptoms disappeared in all patients. CT angiography indicated that there was no endoleak or restenosis. Conclusion Based on the different therapeutic principles, the use of ViabahnTM self-expanding covered stent in endovascular repair of peripheral TPA is technically simple and micro-invasive, and clinically feasible with reliable effect and safety. Therefore, this technique can be employed as a first-line therapy option for peripheral TPA.

Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most frequently encountered zoonotic pathogens.This bacterium produces the notable virulence factors such as hemolysin,panton-valentine leucocidin,exfoliative toxins and enterotoxin,which can cause invasive disease in humans and animals.Methicillin-resistant S.aureus (MRSA) is a multidrug-resistant bacterium which acquired the staphylococcal chromosome cassette mec (SCCmec).SCCmec is one of the key reasons for the antibiotic resistance of MRSA.As for MRSA resistance,the β-1actam resistance is mediated by mecA gene,and the drug-resistance genes inserted in the variable area of the SCCmec element play an important role in the multidrug resistance of MRSA.In recent years,it has been reported in Europe,North America and other countries that the multidrug resistance MRSA was detected in aquaculture environment and livestock.Besides,MRSA poses a serious threat to public health,and it can colonize and cause invasive disease in humans through aquaculture environment or other ways.This review summarizes drug resistance change of S.aureus and analysis of SCCmec resistance elements,toxicity and prevalence of livestock-associate MRSA,which would have theoretical and practical significance to understand S.aureus drug resistance,SCCmec typing,as well as control and prevent LA-MRSA transmission and infection between animals and humans.