Objective To study the chemical constituents from the exocarp of Juglans mandshurica.Methods The compounds were isolated by Diaion HP-20,Sephadex LH-20,MCI CHP-20,and silica gel column chromatography.Their structures were identified by physicochemical properties and spectroscopic analysis.Results Twelve compounds were elucidated as pinostrobin (Ⅰ),quercetin (Ⅱ),quercetin-3-O-?-D-glucoside (Ⅲ),chrysophanol (Ⅳ),gallic acid (Ⅴ),4-hydroxyl-cinnamic acid methyl ester (Ⅵ),vanillin (Ⅶ),caffeic acid (Ⅷ),4-hydroxylcinnamic acid (Ⅸ),?-sitosterol (Ⅹ),daucosterol (Ⅺ),and 5-hydroxyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (ⅩⅡ).Conclusion The compounds Ⅰ,Ⅳ,and Ⅵ—Ⅸ are isolated from J.mandshurica for the first time.

Preoperative diagnosis of biliary obstruction mainly depends on imaging examination.Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) is a common method in detecting biliary obstruction.PTC combined with computed tomography (CT) could enhance the diagnostic rate.From April 2009 to April 2011,8 patients with biliary obstruction were admitted to the Shenzhen Hospital of Peking University.Contrast solution (30 ml of iodine solution at a concentration of 1.5％ -2.0％)was injected through a PTC tube,and then CT scan was performed.An iohexol contrast solution at a concentration of 300 mgl/ml was injected at a dosage of 1.5 ml/kg and at 3-5 ml/s,then the arterial phase,venous phase and delayed phase were scanned.The original data were uploaded to Vitrea 2 workstation for multiplane reconstruction,maximum intensity projection and volume rendering.The procedure was successfully performed on all patients,and the position of the biliary obstruction was identified in 7 patients.Five patients were diagnosed as with hilar cholangiocarcinoma,1 with sclerosing cholangitis and 2 with adenoma of the distal common bile duct.The patients' symptoms were alleviated after percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage.

ObjectiveTo study the relevant effect of proinflammatory cytokines interelenkin-17(IL-17), -6 and endothelin-1 (ET-1) on statins attenuating no-reflow phenomenon after myocardial ischemia-reperfusion in rats.MethodsEighteen healthy male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 3 groups according to body weight: sham operation, injury, preconditioning groups. The preconditioning group was given atorvastatin 2 mg·kg-1 ·d-1 and the other two groups were given the same volume of saline once. After 7 days, the rats were anesthetized with an intraperitoneal injection of chloral hydrate, and then the thoracic cavity was opened. The coronary artery of injury group and preconditioning group were ligated for 60 minutes, and then opened for 15 minutes, to establish the rat acute myocardial ischemia-reperfusion model. The sham operation group was was treated with a seam through the coronary artery without ligation. Eleetrocardiogram was checked before ligation, and ligation was carried out for 15, 30, 45 minutes and then reperfusion for 15 minutes. After reperfusion for 15 minutes, the thioflavine S and Even's were injected from femoral venous, then the heart and blood were obtained(keeping left ventricular only). Hearts were flushed with saline and sliced transversely into five to seven sections. Finally, observed at 365 nm wave length the existence of non-fluorescent areas, which was no-reflow zone. The level of serum IL-17, IL-6 and ET-1 was detected by ELISA. Results The electrocardiogram confirmed that the sham operation group had no ischemic damage and the model of myocardial ischemia- reperfusion was established in preconditioning group and injury group. The noreflow phenomenon could be observed under 365 nm wave length in preconditioning group and injury group. The ligated area[LA％, (57.34 ± 11.49)％, (53.08 ± 8.66)％] of injury group and preconditioning group was higher than that of sham operation group(0, all P ＜ 0.05); the area of no-reflow[ANF％, (48.96 ± 6.94)％, (21.37 ±3.35)％] of injury group and preconditioning group was higher than that of sham operation group(0, all P ＜ 0.05),and the ANF％ of preconditioning group was lower than that of injury group(P ＜ 0.05) ; the level of serum IL-17,IL-6 and ET-1[(151.67 ± 11.19) × 10-9, (167.89 ± 5.13) × 10-9, (322.37 ± 19.08) × 10-9 g/L] of injury group was higher than those of sham group and preconditioning operation group[(49.75 ± 14.06) × 10-9, (59.32 ± 5.26) ×10-9, (109.9 ± 12.12) × 10-9, (90.45 ± 11.63) × 10-9, (112.47 ± 10.40) × 10-9 and(198.91 ± 27.88) × 10-9 g/L,P ＜ 0.05], the level of serum IL-17, IL-6 and ET-1 of preconditioning group was higher than those of sham operation group(P＜ 0.05). Conclusionsno-reflow phenomenon is related with IL-17 and ET-1 which can promote the expression of IL-6, statins decreases the expression of IL-17 and ET-1, and then decreases the on-reflow phenomenon.

The present study was to investigate the role of dopamine D1 receptors and its relationship with glutamate, N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA) receptor in depression induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS). CUMS-induced depression model was established in Sprague-Dawley rats, and intrahippocampal microinjections of D1 dopamine receptor agonist SKF38393, non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 and AMPA receptor antagonist NBQX were respectively adopted by rat brain stereotaxic coordinates. The behavioral observations were conducted by measurement of weight changes, sucrose preference test, open-field test and tail suspension test. The concentration of glutamic acid and the expression of its receptors' subunits were detected by HPLC and Western blot, respectively. The results showed that, compared with control group, CUMS rats showed depression-like behavioral changes, higher concentration of glutamic acid, lower expressions of NMDA receptor (NR1) and AMPA receptor (GluR2/3) in hippocampus. Pretreatment with injection of SKF38393 could rescue such depression effect of CUMS, decrease the concentration of glutamic acid, and increase the expressions of NMDA receptor (NR1), AMPA receptor (GluR2/3) in hippocampus. Pretreatment with MK-801 could enhance the antidepressant effect of SKF38393, while NBQX weakened. These results suggest that agonists of D1 dopamine receptor could reduce the concentration of glutamic acid in hippocampus, and its antidepressant effect may be mediated by AMPA receptor partially.
2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine ; pharmacology ; Animals ; Depression ; etiology ; physiopathology ; Dizocilpine Maleate ; pharmacology ; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists ; Glutamates ; metabolism ; Hippocampus ; metabolism ; Male ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, AMPA ; metabolism ; Receptors, Dopamine D1 ; agonists ; physiology ; Stress, Physiological ; physiology

The purpose of this paper is to encapsulate neurotoxin-I (NT-I), a kind of analgesic peptide, into polylactic acid (PLA) nanoparticles (NPs) and to evaluate their transport into the brain after intranasal administration (in) by use of microdialysis sampling technique developed in our laboratory recently. NT-I-NPs (NT-Iradiolabeled with sodium 125I-Iodide) were prepared by a double emulsification solvent evaporation method, and were characterized in terms of surface morphology, particle size distribution, zeta potential and entrapment efficiency. Then, NT-I-NPs were administered intranasally or intravenously to rats and the radioactivities in periaqueductal gray (PAG) were monitored up to 240 min utilizing the microdialysis sampling technique. Nanoparticles prepared were spherical with homogenous size distribution. Their mean particle size and zeta potential measured were (65.3 +/- 10.8) nm and (-28.6 +/- 2.3) mV, respectively. The entrapment efficiency of NT-Iencapsulated into nanoparticles was (35.5 +/- 2.8)%. The brain transport results showed that the time to peak level (Tmax) of NT-I-NPs (in) was (65 +/- 10) min approximately, apparently shorter compared with NT-I-NPs [iv, (95 +/- 10) min] or NT-I [iv, (145 +/- 10) min]. The concentration to peak level (Cmax) and the area under the curves from zero to 4 h (AUC0-4h) of each group followed this order: NT-I-NPs (in) > NT-I-NPs (iv) > NT-I (iv). With nanoparticles as carriers and administered intranasally could be a potential way for centrally active peptides to improve their brain transport. Microdialysis is quite a good technique for the study of drug delivery to the brain.
Administration, Intranasal ; Animals ; Area Under Curve ; Cobra Neurotoxin Proteins ; administration & dosage ; pharmacokinetics ; Drug Delivery Systems ; Lactic Acid ; chemistry ; Male ; Microdialysis ; Nanoparticles ; Particle Size ; Periaqueductal Gray ; metabolism ; Polyesters ; Polymers ; chemistry ; Random Allocation ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

OBJECTIVETo study whether liver cirrhosis and portal hypertension are associated with ET-1 TaqI polymorphism and TNFa promoter-308G to A polymorphism.

METHODSA case control study of 106 patients with liver cirrhosis following HBV C infection was performed in comparison with 108 controls by PCR-RFLP.

RESULTSThe frequency of C allele and CC+TC genotype in TaqI polymorphism of ET-1 gene in the portal hypertension group (LC+) was significantly higher than that in the healthy controls, and the frequency of TNF2/1 genotype in TNFa promoter -308 G to A polymorphism in LC+ group was significantly higher than that in the control group. The results by stratification analysis showed that TCF2 genotype frequency was higher in the LC+ group than in the control group. ET-1 TaqI polymorphism and TNFa polymorphism were risk factors for the occurrence of portal hypertension by Logistic regression analysis.

CONCLUSIONET-1 TaqI polymorphism and TNFa polymorphism are associated with portal hypertension, and are new risk factors for the occurrence of portal hypertension. TCF2 genotype may be a susceptible gene of portal hypertension.

Adult ; Case-Control Studies ; Endothelin-1 ; genetics ; Female ; Gene Frequency ; Hepatitis B, Chronic ; complications ; genetics ; Humans ; Hypertension, Portal ; etiology ; genetics ; Liver Cirrhosis ; complications ; genetics ; virology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; genetics ; Taq Polymerase ; genetics ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; genetics

BACKGROUNDIn prokaryotic organisms, the mechanism responsible for the accurate partition of newly replicated chromosomes into daughter cells is incompletely understood. Segregation of the replication terminus of the circular prokaryotic chromosome poses special problems that have not previously been addressed. The aim of this study was to investigate the roles of several protein components (MreB, MreC, and MreD) of the prokaryotic cytoskeleton for the faithful transmission of the chromosomal terminus into daughter cells.

METHODSStrain LQ1 (mreB::cat), LQ2 (mreC::cat), and LQ3 (mreD::cat) were constructed using the Red recombination system. LQ11/pLAU53, LQ12/pLAU53, LQ13/pLAU53, LQ14/pLAU53, and LQ15/pLAU53 strains were generated by P1transduction of (tetO) 240 -Gm and (lacO) 240 -Km cassettes from strains IL2 and IL29. Fluorescence microscopy was performed to observe localization pattern of fluorescently-labeled origin and terminus foci in wild-type and mutant cells. SOS induction was monitored as gfp fluorescence from PsulA-gfp in log phase cells grown in Luria-Bertani medium at 37°C by measurement of emission at 525 nm with excitation at 470 nm in a microplate fluorescence reader.

RESULTSMutational deletion of the mreB, mreC, or mreD genes was associated with selective loss of the terminus region in approximately 40% of the cells within growing cultures. This was accompanied by significant induction of the SOS DNA damage response, suggesting that deletion of terminus sequences may have occurred by chromosomal cleavage, presumably caused by ingrowth of the division septum prior to segregation of the replicated terminal.

CONCLUSIONSThese results imply a role for the MreBCD cytoskeleton in the resolution of the final products of terminus replication and/or in the specific movement of newly replicated termini away from midcell prior to completion of septal ingrowth. This would identify a previously unrecognized stage in the overall process of chromosome segregation.

Chromosome Segregation ; genetics ; physiology ; Cytoskeleton ; metabolism ; Escherichia coli ; genetics ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo study whether polymorphism of iNOS and eNOS genes is associated with portal hypertension in liver cirrhosis.

METHODSA case control study of 106 patients with liver cirrhosis due to HBV was performed in comparison with 108 controls using PCR-RFLP to detect iNOS promoter -969G --> C and eNOS exon7 894G --> T polymorphism.

RESULTSThe frequency of the C allele and GC genotype in the iNOS promoter -969G --> C was significantly higher in the portal hypertension group than in the control group. (P < 0.05). The frequency of the T allele and GT genotype in eNOS exon7 894G --> T was dramatically higher in the portal hypertension group than in the control group (P < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that iNOS polymorphism in iNOS promoter -969G --> C and eNOS exon7 894G --> T was an independent new risk factor for portal hypertension. We discovered that iNOS promoter -969G --> C led to an increase in its functional activity.

CONCLUSIONSThe polymorphism of iNOS promoter -969G --> C and eNOS exon7 894G --> T is associated with portal hypertension of liver cirrhosis, which is a new independent risk factor found related to the occurrence of portal hypertension. The polymorphism of iNOS promoter -969G --> C results in functional activity increase of the iNOS promoter.

Adult ; Female ; Hepatitis B, Chronic ; complications ; Humans ; Hypertension, Portal ; etiology ; genetics ; Liver Cirrhosis ; complications ; genetics ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II ; genetics ; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III ; genetics ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; genetics

OBJECTIVETo determine whether polymorphism of NOS2A promoter -969G>C is associated with the portal hypertension of liver cirrhosis.

METHODSA case control study covering 106 patients with liver cirrhosis due to hepatitis B virus(HBV) in comparison with 108 controls was performed using PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism. The NOS2A mRNA and protein expression in liver cirrhosis tissues were detected by reverse transcription-PCR and Western blot. The recombinant plasmids of NOS2A promoter luciferase reporter gene were constructed and were transfected transiently into HepG2 cells for analyzing the functional activity of the promoter.

RESULTSThe frequencies of the C allele and GC genotype at NOS2A promoter -969G>C were significantly higher in portal hypertension group (16.9%, 33.8%) than in control group(8.8%, 17.6%)(P<0.05), and positive correlation (r=0.18) and association (OR=2.42) were noted. There was no significant difference in frequency distribution between single liver cirrhosis group and control group(P>0.05). The expressions of NOS2A mRNA and protein in liver cirrhosis tissues were more increased in C allele carriers with liver cirrhosis than in G allele carriers with liver cirrhosis, which led to higher functional activity of the promoter. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that NOS2A polymorphism at promoter -969G>C is an independent novel risk factor for the occurrence of portal hypertension in patients with liver cirrhosis.

CONCLUSIONThe polymorphism of NOS2A promoter -969(G>C) is associated with portal hypertension of liver cirrhosis, which results in functional activity increase of NOS2A promoter and is an independent risk factor for portal hypertension.

Adult ; Female ; Fibrosis ; complications ; enzymology ; Gene Frequency ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Genotype ; Humans ; Hypertension, Portal ; enzymology ; etiology ; genetics ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nitric Oxide Synthase ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; genetics ; RNA, Messenger ; biosynthesis ; genetics

Objective To evaluate the influences of statin treatment on MR vessel wall imagingobserved characteristics of atherosclerotic plaque in the thoracic aorta of the elderly.Methods Elderly subjects (≥ 60 years) without any serious cerebro-cardiovascular diseases were recruited.Thoracic aorta was imaged on MR scanner for all the subjects.The plaque burden was calculated quantitatively,the composition of plaque in thoracic aorta was evaluated qualitatively,and the contributions of statin treatment to these characteristics were also compared by image interpretation personals.The thoracic aorta was divided into three segments (AAO:ascending aorta;AOA:aortic arch,and DOA:descending aorta)on the imaging.Results Totally 55 recruited subjects had atherosclerotic plaque in thoracic aorta,with 24 subjects receiving statin treatment,and 50 ％ (12/24) male,aged 73.8±6.3 years.The level of LDL C[(2.4±0.7)mmol/L vs.(3.1±0.8)mmol/L(P＜ 0.01)]and total cholesterol[(4.4±0.6)mmol/L vs.(5.1 ±1.0)mmol/L(P＜0.01)]were significantly lower in statin group than in non-statin group.The lumen area,wall area,and total vessel area in all three segments of thoracic aorta were significantly smaller in statin group(all P＜0.05)than in nonstatin group.The average wall thickness in segment of AOA[(2.7±0.3)mm vs.(2.8±0.4)mm(P＜0.01)]and DAO[(2.5±0.4)mm vs.(2.6±0.5)mm(P＜0.01)]were smaller in statin group than in non-statin group.The incidence rate of intraplaque hemorrhage / mural thrombus [6 cases (25.0％) vs.8 cases(25.8 ％)]in thoracic aorta was a little lower in statin group than in non-statin group,with no significant difference(P＞0.05).Conclusions Statin treatment decreases LDL-C level,reduces the burden of atherosclerotic plaque in thoracic aorta,and maintains the atherosclerotic plaque stability.