Objective To study the characteristics of lower respiratory tract infection by Streptococcus pneumonia in children aged from 0 to 5 years and drug resistance,so as to provide the rational basis for clinical treatment and epidemiology.Methods The medical data from 4 815 children aged 0 to 5 years with lower respiratory tract infection between September 2014 and September 2016 were retrospectively reviewed.Results Totally 343 strains of Streptococcus pneumonia were isolated from 4 815 sputum samples,with the isolation rate of 7.12％.Of the isolated streptococcus pneumonia strains,80.76％ were isolated from the children with pneumonia,9.33％ were isolated from the children with bronchitis,5.83％ were isolated from the children with capillary bronchitis,4.08％ were isolated from the children with bronchial asthma.There was no significant difference in the incidence of Streptococcus pneumonia infections between the genders of the children(P>0.05),but the incidence of Streptococcus pneumonia detection rates differed significantly in different seasons and children of different ages,the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).The resistance rates of Streptococcus pneumonia to penicillin,erythromycin and clindamycin were 51.0％,97.9％ and 97.1％ respectively;The sensitivity rates to cefotaxime and vancomycin were 71.1％ and 100.0％ respectively.Conclusion The children aged less than 1 years old are at the high risk of Streptococcus pneumonia infection and highest detection rates in winter,it is necessary to perform the drug susceptibility testing in a timely manner so as to choice reasonable antimicrobial agents to control the condition.

Objective:To evaluate the vomer development of cleft palate patients.Methods:38 patients over 1 4 years(averaged 23.4 years)of age with cleft palate and 76 controls of normal people(aged 22.8 year on average)were included.The 3D computed tomo-graphy reconstruction images of the bony nasal septum were measured.The development of the vomer was evaluated by comparing the L1 (the length of the lower edge of the vomer),L2 (the length from nasal spine to the point of the sella)and S (the approximate area of vomer)among deferent groups.Results:The L1 ,L2,and S of cleft palate patients were smaller than those of the controls(P <0. 05).Compared with the postoperative cleft cases,the S and L2 of preoperative cases were bigger(P <0.05).Conclusion:The vomer development is adversely affected by cleft palate.Not only the vomer-palate fusion is lower,but also the sutura between vomer and na-sal septum cartilage and ethmoid bone are short.And the latter is greatly influenced by surgical trauma.

Objective Study on the intracellular calcium and growth suppression of human breast cancer cells exposed by high intensity ultrasound (HIU). Methods Exposed human breast cancer cells MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 in vitro with HIU (50 W/cm2). Examined the intracellular calcium from exposed cells with Fura-2 fluorescence probe. The cell viabilities were measured by MTT assay. The rate of cell apoptosis and distribution of cell cycle were detected on flow cytometry. Results The lever of intracellular calcium went up in pace with exposed time of HIU, MCF-7 cells were (572±20.1), (670±18.9), (815± 16.3) nmol/L (F = 663.65, P＜0.001), MDA-MB-231 cell was (582±16.3), (687±19.7), (843± 14.8) nmol/L (F = 863.06, P＜0.001), and the distribution of cell cycle waved to G0-G1, the ratios of G0-G1 in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 were (60.5±5.5)%, (66.3±7.0)%, (74.5±8.2)% (F=8.17, P = 0.002) and (58.5± 6.3) %, (66.1±6.3)%, (71.2±7.9) % (F=7.51, F= 0.003). Apoptotic rate upgraded gradually, the apoptotic rates of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 were (7.3±1.7)%, (13.2±3.5) %, (19.3±3.7)% (F= 18.73, P＜0.001) and (6.3±1.8)%, (11.4±2.31)%, (16.4±3.3)% (F = 19.26, P＜0.001). Under MTT assay, the rate of cell growth suppression increased significantly, the rates of cell growth suppression in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 were (9.2±2.2) %, (24.3±3.9)%, (48.6±5.5)%(F=117.16, P ＜0.001) and (9.0±1.7)%, (22.3±3.5) %, (416± 6.4)% (F =71.25, P＜0.001). Conclusion HIU enhanced the intracellular calcium of human breast cancer cells within given time and promoted the distribution of cell cycle to G0-G1. The rate of cell apoptosis and the cell's death rate increased evidently.

AIM: To study the quality standard on catechu and its extract. METHODS: HPLC was used to determine the contents of (+) Catechin and (-) Epicatechin in catechu and its extract; UV spectrophotometry was applied to determine the contents of active tannic acid in catechu and its extract. RESULT: The contents of catechin and epicatechin are 19.4 and 4.36g/100g in catechu, respectively, and catechin and epicatechin are 48.39 and 3.94g/100g in its extract respectively. CONCLUSION: The method is accurate and reproducible, providing the basis for quality control of catechu and its extract.

AIMTo prepare the micelles of stearic acid-grafted chitosan oligosaccharide and investigate the drug release from micelles.

METHODSMediated by a 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC), stearic acid (SA) was covalently attached to chitosan oligosaccharide (CSO), and the graft polymer (CSO-SA) was obtained. The critical aggregation concentration (CAC) of the CSO-SA was determined by measuring the fluorescence intensity of pyrene as a fluorescent probe. The effect of various pH dispersed media and concentration of tripolyphosphate sodium (TPP) on the micellar size distribution and zeta-potential measured by light scattering and electrophoretic mobility, was investigated. In buffers of different pH, the release profiles of methotrexate (MTX) from micelles were evaluated.

RESULTSThe CAC value of CSO-SA in deionized water was 0.05 g x L(-1). The mean diameter of CSO-SA micelles was 26.7 nm and the zeta potential was (55.9 +/- 0.1) mV. With the increase of TPP concentration, the size and MTX encapsulation of CSO-SA micelles increased, while the zeta-potential decreased. With the decrease of pH value of dispersed media, the size and zeta-potential of CSO-SA micelles increased, and the MTX encapsulation in CSO-SA micelles decreased. While the enhancement of drug release from the micelles was observed.

CONCLUSIONThe graft polymer of CSO-SA provides polymeric micelles, which possessed a low CAC value in aqueous media. The drug release in vitro from CSO-SA micelles was affected by the pH of delivery media.

Chitosan ; administration & dosage ; chemistry ; Drug Carriers ; Drug Delivery Systems ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Methotrexate ; administration & dosage ; chemistry ; Micelles ; Oligosaccharides ; administration & dosage ; chemistry ; Particle Size ; Polymers ; Polyphosphates ; Solubility ; Stearic Acids ; administration & dosage ; chemistry

Objective To evaluate the diagnostic value of fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction(PCR) for Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) in children with MP pneumonia(MPP).Methods From Jun.2008 to Jan.2009,153 cases hospitalized with pneumonia were enrolled,and 30 cases without respiratory infection were enrolled as control group.Their respiratory secretion (including nasopharyngeal secretion,sputum,bronchialalveolar lavage fluid or pharyngeal swab) samples were collected for fluorescent quantitative PCR for MP.And their single or paired serums were collected for specific MP antibody detection.Results There were 123 cases confirmed with MPP by serology,among whom 114 cases were MP PCR positive.The quantitation of MP DNA was among 1.20?106-3.66?1010 gene copys/L. There were 30 cases with pneumonia negative with MP by the paired serum serology,among whom 2 cases were MP PCR positive,and the quantitation of MP DNA was (1.08-3.02)?107gene copys/L.All cases of control group were MP PCR negative.During the first and second weeks of the MPP onset,the sensitivity of MP-IgM from the first single blood samples were 66.7% and 83.9%,respectively.While the sensitivity and specificity of MP PCR were 92.7% and 93.3%,respectively.From the third week of the disease onset,the sensitivity of MP-IgM from the first single blood samples increased to 90.9%-100%.The clinical manifestations of MPP were nonspecific.Conclusions PCR is superior to serology for early diagnosis on MP infection.Combination of the 2 methods may be helpful to early and accurate diagnosis on MP infection.

Objective To explore the efficacy of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), which is a kind of immuno-suppressant drugs, on the treatment of Connective tissue diseases-pulmonary arterial hypertension (CTD-PAH). Methods Medical charts of eleven cases of hospitalized patients who were diagnosed as CTD-PAH and treated by MMF in Beijing Chaoyang Hospital affiliated to the Capital Medical University, from January 2014 to June 2016 were collected and analyzed. Results In the 11 cases of CTD-PAH, the systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) related pulmonary hypertension (SLE-PAH) were 7, while the systemic sclero-derma associated pulmonary hypertension (SSc-PAH) were 2, and rheumatoid arthritis related pulmonary hy-pertension (RA-PAH) was 1, and the mixed connective tissue disease related pulmonary hypertension (MCTD-PAH) was 1. All patients were women, and the average age was (40 ±14) years, and the average duration of PAH was (34 ±35) months. The combination therapy of corticosteriods and MMF was applied to 7 cases, meanwhile the therapy of corticosteriods, MMF and bosentan was used in 1 case, corticosteriods, MMF and sildenafil was prescribed for 3 cases, and symptoms of the patients alleviated. Except for one case having been followed up for 7 months and one for 6 months, 9 patients completed the 1-year follow-up, and the survival rate was 100%(9/9). Notably, one patient, who had been alleviated for 111 months with therapy of corticosteriods and MMF, adopted the combination therapy of corticosteriods, MMF and bosentan for aggravated chest distress, and became stable eventually. Conclusion MMF may have therapeutic effects on inducing and even maintaining the stabilization of CTD-PAH.

ObjectiveTo compare the efficacy and safety of intermittent patient-initiated single-dose antibiotic prophylaxis and continuous antibiotic prophylaxis for the prevention of recurrent urinary tract infection (UTI) in postmenopausal women. MethodsA randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted for the prevention of recurrent urinary tract infection. Single dose of antibiotic was given every night in continuous antibiotic prophylaxis group and every time after exposure to conditions predisposed to UTI in intermittent antibiotic prophylaxis group. The duration of prevention was 12 months in both groups. ResultsThe effective rates of intermittent antibiotic prophylaxis and continuous antibiotic prophylaxis were 71.0% and 81.8% respectively (P＞0.05). The incidence of gastrointestinal adverse reaction in intermittent antibiotic prophylaxis group was significantly lower than that in continuous antibiotic prophylaxis group (7.7% vs 28.6%,P＜0.05). ConclusionsCompared with continuous antibiotic prophylaxis, intermittent patient-initiated single-dose antibiotic prophylaxis is a better prophylaxis with less gastrointestinal adverse reactions for the prevention of recurrent urinary tract infection in postmenopausal women.

Objective To study the efficacy of low-dose daytime ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (DAPD) and low-dose CAPD in diabetic end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients with better residual renal function (RRF). Methods Forty stable diabetic ESRD patients with better RRF (rGFR ≥ 5 ml/min and urine volume ≥ 750 ml/d) were enrolled. They were randomly divided into two groups: low-dose DAPD group (n=20) and low-dose CAPD group (n=20). DAPD group received three 1.5 L to 2 L daily exchanges with a nocturnal empty belly, dwelling for 3 to 4 hours. CAPD group received three 1.5 L to 2 L daily exchange or four 1.5 L daily exchange regimens and dwelled during the night. At the beginning of the study and 6 months later, total weekly Kt/V and Ccr (peritoneal+renal), rGFR were calculated. Meanwhile 24-hour urinary protein,serum albumin (Alb), hemoglobin (Hb), fasting plasma glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin and insulin dosage were measured. Nutritional status was assessed by SGA. Results Thirty-five patients fulfilled the study. There were no significant differences between two groups in age, gender, BMI,PD time, D/Pcr, etc. At the end of the 6th month, the insulin dose[(33.6±10.9) U/d] and 24-hour dialysate protein [(11.13t4.95) g] in CAPD group were significantly higher as compared to DAPD group [(20.6±6.2) U/d, P＜0.05 and (5.66±2.88) g, P＜0.01 respectively]. Alb in CAPD group [(29.7±4.2) g/L] was significantly lower than that in DAPD group [(36.5 ±3.9) g/L, P＜0.05].While the net ultrafiltration [(554±187) ml vs (309±177) ml], 24-hour urine volume [(1090±361)ml vs (750±258) ml] and rGFR [(8.21±2.40) ml/min vs (4.88±2.11) ml/min] in DAPD group were all significantly higher than those in CAPD group (all P＜0.05). Conclusion For the diabetic ESRD patients with better RRF, the low-dose DAPD regimen is more effective to control plasma glucose, improve nutritional status and protect RRF than the low-dose CAPD.

Objective To investigate the antiproliferative effect of rosiglitazone, a thiazolidinedione (TZD) on autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) cystic lining epithelial cells and to explore the underlying molecular mechanism. Methods ADPKD cysticlining immortalized epithelial (WT9-12) cells were stimulated by rosiglitazone with different concentrations. After treatment, MTT method was performed to detect the level of proliferation; flow cytometry was used to determine the cell cycle distribution and the apoptosis rate. Western blotting was used to detect the protein expressions of mTOR, p70S6K, 4E-Bp1, PPARγ PPARγ siRNA was transfected into WT9-12 cells to knock down the expression of PPARγ Results Treatment of WT9-12 cells with rosiglitazone resulted in a dose-dependent and time-dependent strong inhibition of cell proliferation, an accumulation of cells in the G0/G1 phase (rosiglitazone 50 μmol/L 65.43%,rosiglitazone 100 μmol/L 64.02%, control 49.65% ) and 6% apoptosis at high concentration (rosiglitazone 200 μmol/L). Rosiglitazone reduced the phosphorylation of p70S6K in a dosedependent and time-dependent manner. The levels of phosphorylated mTOR and 4E-Bp1, the latter being a downstream substrate of mTOR related mRNA translation initiation, were not changed by rosiglitazone. Cells were pre-incubated with GW9662, a PPARγ antagonist, before the treatment with rosiglitazone, the inhibition of p70S6 kinase phosphorylation by rosiglitazone was partially prevented by GW9662 (P＜0.01). Then PPARγ siRNA was transfected into WT9-12 cells, in contrast to untransfected control or cells transfected with an irrelevant siRNA, rosiglitazone did not cause an obvious inhibition of p70S6 kinase phosphorylation in PPARγ knock-down.Conclusion Rosiglitazone inhibits the proliferation of ADPKD cystic lining epithelial cells, and down-regulates p70S6 kinase phosphorylation through mTOR-independent and PPARγ-dependent signal pathway.