By combining with concrete examples ,the paper Introduces the basic concepts and errors of the statistical analysis in scientific papers ,analyzes the errors and ambiguities of practical application ,and make some coping strategies for reference.

Objective To prepare drug carrier non-PEG blank liposomes, and study its properties.Methods High purity of egg yolk lecithin and cholesterol were used as film forming material.The high pressure homogeneous method-extrusion method and high pressure homogeneous method-ultrasonic method were used to prepare non-PEG blank liposomes.After that how the method of high pressure homogeneous, extrusion and ultrasonic influence the particle size of blank liposomes were studied, and the physical stability of blank liposomes were investigated.ResuIts The particle size of blank liposomes prepared by high pressure homogeneous method-extrusion method was about 86 nm, and its polydispersity index was 0.170.While the particle size of the blank liposomes prepared by high pressure homogeneous method-ultrasonic method was about 91 nm, and its polydispersity index was 0.362.ConcIusion Compared with high pressure homogeneous method-ultrasonic method, the blank liposomes prepared by high pressure homogeneous method-extrusion method had some advantanges, such as smaller particle size, narrow particle size distribution and high stability.

Objective To investigate the expression of RCAS1,which is a receptor-binding cancer antigen expressed on SiSo cells in many tumor cell lines. Methods Using real-time polymerase chain reaction(PCR),Northern blot,immunohistochemical examination and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,we detected the expre-(ssion) of RCAS1 in 10 different tumor cell lines and two normal cell lines. Results The expression of RCAS1 in the tumor cell lines and the fetal renal cell line(293 cell) was detected by real-time PCR and Northern blot,but not in the normal liver cell line(LO2 cell).The results of immunohistochemical examination on the tumor cell lines and the 293 cell showed that RCAS1 existed in cytoplasma and on cell surface.Except HuH-7 cell and LO2 cell,the soluble RCAS1 protein in supernatants of the other cells was significantly more than that in DMEM(P

Objective To study a characteristic CT sign of pulmonary tuberculosis granuloma and improve the diagnostic accuracy of the disease.Methods The clinical data and CT findings of 32 cases with pulmonary tuberculosis granuloma were retrospectively analyzed.All cases were pathologic confimed by bronchoscopy or biopsy.All the patients had spiral CT scan,of which five had CT enhancement.Results In 51 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis granuloma 32 hadCrawling Sign,which showed the trend that le-sions from the peripheral spread to the hilum of lung along the bronchovascular bundle with the outer part larger than the inside,like a lesion crawled along the bronchial tree.Conclusion TheCrawling Signis a quite characteristic CT sign of the tuberculous granu-loma which can help to differentiate tuberculous granuloma from lung cancer and other lung diseases.

In this article the activities of succinic dehydrogenase, H~+ -ATPase and creatine kinase in skeletal muscle and heart mitochondria of rats fed with low-Se diet from kashin-beck disease area for 3 to 5 months were observed. The experiments showed that the activities of these three membrane binding enzymes were decreased significantly in mitochondria of rats fed with low-Se diet for 3 to 5 months, as compared to rats suplemented with sodium selenite, but still had not reached the levels in rats fed with diet from Xi'an area.These results suggested that the disturbance of energy metabolism may be induced when the rats fed with low-Se diet for long term.

AIM:To investigate the changes of subfoveal choroidal thickness ( SFCT ) in central serous chorioretinopathy ( CSCR) eyes and to compare them with normal control eyes.
METHODS: This was a case-control study and a Meta-analysis. Forty - six CSCR patients diagnosed by the fundus pre - set lens, fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) and indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) were enrolled in this study. Sixty two age-, sex-, diopter- and axial length-matched 62 normal subjects ( 62 eyes ) were enrolled in this study as the control group. Using enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography ( EDI-OCT) , SFCT of CSCR eyes and normal control eyes were measured and compared. Univariate and multivariate linear regression analysis were performed to assess the association between SFCT and clinical factors. The Meta - analysis were conducted using the Stata software package to calculate the summary weighted mean differences ( WMDs) .
RESULTS:The mean SFCT of the CSCR group and the normal control group was 397. 34±83. 91μm and 274. 48±62. 57μm, respectively. The CSCR eyes had a thicker choroid than the control eyes at the SFCT (P<0. 01). Univariate and multivariable linear regression analysis showed that the SFCT was significantly thicker in association with the CSCR diagnosis. The result of our case-control study was consistent with the results of the further Meta-analysis with the pooled WMD of 156. 13μm (95% CI:137. 43, 174. 83) for SFCT.
CONCLUSION:Along with the comprehensive Meta-analysis, SFCT in CSCR eyes was thicker than that of normal control eyes. Increased SFCT might be associated with CSCR.

To evaluate the clinical effect of therapeutic soft corneal contact lens in combination with fresh amniotic membrane transplantation in the treatment of pterygium and its clinical value.
●METHODS: This study was a retrospective analysis of 200 pterygium excision patients (200 cases, 220 eyes) in hospital from January 2010-June 2011. The patients were divided into two groups. Group 1 (100 cases, 110 eyes) were patients treated with fresh amniotic membrane transplantation and therapeutic soft corneal contact lens while group 2 ( control group, 100 cases, 110 eyes) did not use corneal contact lens. The clinical outcomes in these two groups were compared in a 6 - 18mo postoperative follow-up observation.
●RESULTS: ln control group using corneal contact lens the epithelium repair time ranged from 2 - 7d with an average time of 3. 8d; in group 1 the epithelial repair time ranged from 1 - 5d with an average time of 2. 5d. The patients were followed up for 6 - 18mo, 9 recurrent eyes were found in control group, the recurrence rate was 8. 2%; 5 recurrent eyes were found in experimental group the recurreat rate was 4. 5%. There were significant differences in the 2 groups comparing treatment outcomes (P< 0. 05). Early stimulative symptoms after surgery can be reduced by wearing contact lenses.
●CONCLUSlON:The therapeutic effect of fresh amniotic membrane transplantation after pterygium excision is enhanced by the therapeutic application of corneal contact lens. The epithelial repair time is shortened, the recurrence rate is reduced after pterygium excision and stimulative symptoms including photophobia, tearing, foreign body sensation and ophthalmodynia caused by corneal epithelial defect can be relieved.

Spermatogenesis is a unique process of cell differentiation, which involves the regulation of a series of complicated post-transcriptional expressions. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of none-coding RNAs that play important roles in regulating post-transcriptional gene silencing. MiRNAs are expressed in a cell-specific manner in spermatogenesis and participate in the maturation and differentiation of male germ cells. The specifically altered seminal plasma miRNA is closely related with spermatogenic dysfunction and therefore can be used as a novel biomarker for the diagnosis of male infertility. A deeper insight into these specific miRNAs may point a new direction in the studies of the molecular mechanisms of spermatogenesis and spermatogenic dysfunction.
Biomarkers ; Cell Differentiation ; Genitalia, Male ; Germ Cells ; Humans ; Infertility, Male ; Male ; MicroRNAs ; genetics ; RNA Interference ; Semen ; physiology ; Spermatogenesis ; genetics

Objective To determine the optimal cut-off value of critical-care pain observation tool (CPOT) in assessing degree of pain in patients undergone craniotomy, and to determine the sensitivity and specificity of CPOT with this cut-off value. Methods A prospective observational study was conducted in Beijing Tiantan Hospital. A total of 118 patients admitted to intensive care unit (ICU) after craniotomy was consecutively enrolled during August 2014 to August 2015. CPOT and visual analogue scale (VAS) were used to assess the pain before, during and 20 minutes after the removal of central venous catheters, and the difference was compared between two scores at three time points. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to determine the optimal cut-off values for evaluation of the sensitivity and specificity of CPOT. Patients' complaint of pain was considered the gold-standard. Results CPOT values (inter-quartile range) before, during and after the procedure were 0 (0-3), 0 (0-6) and 0 (0-2), respectively; while VAS values were 4 (1, 6), 3 (1, 6) and 4 (1, 6), respectively. CPOT value during the procedure was significantly higher than CPOT values before and after the procedure (both P < 0.01). When the optimal cut-off value of CPOT was 1, CPOT showed the highest Youden index before, during and after the procedure (1.183, 1.515, and 1.438, respectively), and showed high specificity (all 100%) and low sensitivity (18.3% and 43.8%, respectively) when assessing the pain before and after the removal of the catheter. The sensitivity and the specificity were high when assessing the pain during the procedure, the sensitivity was 69.4%, and the specificity was 82.1%. When the optimal cut-off value of VAS was 2 before and during the procedure, and was 4 after the procedure, VAS showed the highest Youden index, 1.568, 1.452, and 1.509, respectively. VAS demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity before, during and after the procedure (sensitivity was 97.2%, 95.2% and 75.0%, respectively; specificity was 59.6%, 50.0% and 75.9%, respectively). The area under ROC curve (AUC) of CPOT before, during and after the procedure were 0.592 [95% confidence interval (95%CI) = 0.490-0.693], 0.778 (95%CI= 0.693-0.863) and 0.719 (95%CI = 0.627-0.811), respectively; the AUC of VAS before, during and after the procedure were 0.846 (95%CI = 0.771-0.920), 0.767 (95%CI = 0.681-0.854) and 0.838 (95%CI = 0.767-0.909), respectively. The AUC of VAS before and after the procedure was significantly higher than the AUC of CPOT (P < 0.001 and P = 0.006), while there was no significant difference between the AUC of VAS and CPOT during the procedure (P = 0.826). Conclusion CPOT can be used to assess the pain during painful procedure, and it shows high accuracy, but with poor evaluation effect on pain in rest.

Based on the pathogenic mechanisms of age-related macular degeneration (AMD),tremendous preclinical and clinical trials have demonstrated that cell transplantation which aim to replace impaired retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) with healthy RPE cells is a promising approach to treat AMD.So far,choices of cell sources mainly are autologous RPE,iris pigment epithelium,fetal RPE,human embryonic stem cell-derived RPE and human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived RPE,and some of them are undergoing clinical researches.Grafting manners in cell-based therapies are various including RPE sheet or RPE-choroid complex transplantation,RPE cell suspension injection,and RPE sheet transplantation with scaffolds.This review is limited to cell-based therapies for RPE that damaged first in the progress of AMD and focus on recent advances in cell sources,transplantation methods,preclinical and clinical trials,and the obstacles that must be overcome.