Objective To investigate the role of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) in the trafficking of NR1-containing N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) and NR2B-containing NMDAR in the spinal cord in rats with incisional pain (IP) and remifentanil-induced hyperalgesia.Methods Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats,aged 2-3 months,weighing 240-260 g,were randomly divided into 3 groups ( n =8 each):control group (group C),remifentanil group (group R) and GSK-3β inhibitor TDZD-8 group (group TDZD-8).A 1-cm longitudinal incision was made in the plantar surface of the left hindpaw in anesthetized rats.In group C,dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) 2 ml/kg was injected and then the normal saline (equal to the volume of remifentanil) was infused for 60 min via the caudal vein.In group R,DMSO 2 ml/kg was injected before IP was made and then remifentanil was infused at a rate of 1.2 μg· kg- 1 ·min- 1 for 60 min.In group TDZD-8,TDZD-8 2 ml/kg was injected before IP was made and then remifentanil was infused at a rate of 1.2 μg·kg-1 ·min-1 for 60 min.Paw withdrawal threshold (PWT) and paw withdrawal latency (PWL) were measured 24 h before infusion of normal saline or remifentanil and at 2,6,24 and 48 h after intravenous injection.The rats were sacrificed after the last measurement of the pain threshold and L4-6 segment of the spinal cord was removed to determine the expression of NMDAR NR1 and NR2B subunits in cell membrane (s) and cytoplasm (i) in the spinal cord by Western blot analysis.The ratios of sNR1/iNR1 and sNR2B/iNR2B were calculated.Results Compared with group C,PWT was significantly decreased and PWL was significantly shortened,the expression of sNR1 and sNR2B was up-regulated,the expression of iNR1 and iNR2B was down-regulated,and the ratios of sNR1/iNR1 and sNR2B/iNR2B were significantly increased in groups R and TDZD-8 (P ＜ 0.05).Compared with group R,PWT was significantly increased and PWL was significantly prolonged,the expression of sNR1 and sNR2B was down-regulated,the expression of iNR1 and iNR2B was up-regulated,and the ratios of sNR1/iNR1 and sNR2B/iNR2B were significantly decreased in group TDZD-8 ( P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion GSK-3β is involved in the regulation of trafficking of NR1-containing NMDAR and NR2B-containing NMDAR from cytoplasm to cell membrane in the spinal cord in rats with IP and hyperalgesia induced by remifentanil.

Objective To evaluate the relationship between delta opioid receptors (DORs) and activity of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) in the spinal cord during hyperalgesia induced by remifentanil in a rat model of incisional pain (IP).Methods Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats,aged 240-260 g,weighing 2-3 months,were randomly divided into 3 groups (n =8 each) using a random number table:control group (group C),remifentanil+IP group (group R+I) and DOR antagonist naltrindole group (group N).A 1-cm longitudinal incision was made in the plantar surface of the left hindpaw in anesthetized rats.In group C,the equal volume of normal saline was injected intraperitoneally,and normal saline was then infused for 60 min at the same rate.In group R+I,the equal volume of normal saline was injected intraperitoneally,remifentanil was infused for 60 min at 1.2 μg · kg-1 · min-1,and IP was produced immediately after onset of remifentanil infusion.In group N,naltrindole 0.1 mg/kg was injected intraperitoneally,remifentanil was infused for 60 min at 1.2 μg · kg-1 · min-1,and IP was produced immediately after onset of remifentanil infusion.At 24 h before infusion of normal saline or remifentanil and 2,6,24 and 48 h after iv administration (T0-4),the mechanical paw withdrawal threshold (MWT) and thermal paw withdrawal latency (TWL) were measured.The rats were sacrificed after the last measurement of pain threshold,the lumbar segment (L4-6) of the spinal cord was removed for determination of the expression of GSK-3β,phosphor-GSK-3β (pGSK-3β) (by Western blot) and GSK-3β mRNA (realtime PCR).The ratio of pGSK-3β /GSK-3β was calculated.Results Compared with group C,the MWT was significantly decreased,and the TWL was shortened at T1 4,the expression of GSK-3β,pGSK-3β and GSK-3β mRNA was up-regulated,and pGSK-3β/GSK-3β ratio was decreased in R + I and N groups.Compared with group R + I,thc MWT was significantly incrcased,and the TWL was prolonged at T1-4,the expression of GSK-3β,pGSK-3β and GSK-3β rmRNA was down-regulated,and pGSK-3β/GSK-3β ratio was increased in group N.Conclusion Activation of DOR is involved in enhancement of activity of GSK-3β in the spinal cord during hyperalgesia induced by remifentanil in a rat model of IP.

In the research field of quality control in Chinese medicinal materials, variation in active ingredients of medicinal plant is always the key and hot issues. With the development of high-throughput sequencing technologies and reducing cost, a large numbers of genes from medicinal plant were cloning and provide a solid foundation for further research of gene structure and its biological function, and also provides conditions for explore active ingredient variation and its quality control from the perspective of molecular pharmacognosy. This paper introduces the concept of homologous gene, gene duplication and classification. We prospect the function of duplicated genes in the role of molecular mechanism research about variation in active ingredients, aiming at providing a new way for medicinal materials quality control.
Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; analysis ; Gene Duplication ; Plant Proteins ; genetics ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; genetics ; Quality Control

Objective To evaluate the value of phased array probe of transesophageal echocardiography miniature (micro-TEE) in the neonatal and infant cardiac surgery intraoperation.Methods Micro-TEE probe was used in children with weight ≤5 kg undergoing cardiac surgery to detect the atrial and ventricular cavity size,the left and right ventricular outflow tract diameter were detected by transthoracic echocardiography(TTE) 3-7 d after operation,and compared with the measured value immediately after the TEE.Results Before and after intubation,airway index not statistically significant (P ＞ 0.05).Preoperative TEE and TTE inspection results were consistent with intraoperative diagnosis.Postoperative TEE measuring intracardiac structural data (each room,chamber size and left and right ventricular outflow tract diameter) and postoperative TTE measurement value representing the difference was not statistically significant (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions Micro TEE intraoperative guardianship of low birth weight infants is safe and feasible,and can supplement and improve the preoperative diagnosis,and can accurately and timely evaluate postoperative curative effect.

Objective To study the expression of telomerase and its possible clinical significance in patients with condyloma acuminatum,bowenoid papulosis,Bowen's disease and vulvar squamous cell car- cinoma.Methods The human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) was detected by immunohisto- chemistry technique in all patients.Histopathological analysis was done in patients with bowenoid papulosis or Bowen's disease.Results There was a significant difference in the expression of hTERT among normal tissue,condyloma acuminatum and squamous carcinoma,and the expression rate increased successively from normal control to squamous carcinoma.In bowenoid papulosis,the expression of bTERT was significantly higher as compared to that in condyloma acuminatum,significantly lower as compared to that in squamous carcinoma,and was as the same as that in Bowen's disease.Histopathologically,the degree of cell atypia was significantly higher in Bowen's disease than that in bowenoid papulosis.Conclusions The expression of telomerase increases successively from normal skin,benign tumors to malignant carcinomas,which sug- gests that the expression of telomerase may play an important role in both cell proliferation and immortaliza- tion.

Objective To investigate the changes in total and surface N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) NR1,NR2A and NR2B subunits in spinal cord in a rat model of incisional pain(IP)-remifentanil-induced hyperalgesia.Methods Thirty-two male SD rate in which caudal vein catheter were successfully placed were randomly divided into 4 groups ( n =8 each):control group(group C),remifentanil group(group R),IP group (group I) and IP + remifentanil group (group R + I).In groups R and C remifentanil 1.2 μg· kg-1 · min-1 or the same volume of normal saline was infused intravenously for60 main.In groups R + I and I,a 1 cm longitudinal incision was made in the plantar surface of left hindpaw and remifentanil 1.2 μg· kg-1 ·min-1 or the same volume of normal saline was infused intravenously for 60 min.Paw withdrawal threshold (PWT) and paw withdrawal latency (PWL) were measured at 24 h before and 2,6,24,48 h after remifentanil or normal saline administration.The animals were sacrificed after last pain threshold measurement.The L4-6 segment of the spinal cord was isolated for determination of the expression of the total and surface NMDAR NR1,NR2A and NR2B subunits in spinal cord by Western blot.The ratio of surface NR2B/NR2A was calculated.Results Compared with group C,PWT was significantly decreased,PWL shortened,the expression of the total and surface NMDAR NR1,NR2A and NR2B subunits up-regulated and the ratio of surface NR2B/NR2A increased in groups 1,R and R + I( P ＜ 0.05).Compared with groups R and I,PWT was significantly decreased,PWL shortened,the expression of the total and surface NMDAR NR1,NR2A and NR2B subunits up-regulated and the ratio of surface NR2B/NR2A increased in group R + I( P ＜ 0.05).There was no significant difference in the total and surface NMDAR NR2A subunits among the four groups( P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion The up-regulation of total and surface NMDAR NR1 and NR2B subunits and the increased percentage of surface NR2B subunits in rats spinal cord may be involved in the development of incisional pain- remifentanil- induced hyperalgesia.

Cancer is a group of various diseases, all of which involve unregulated cell growth. Many currently used chemotherapeutic drugs are derived from botanicals. Thus, searching botanical sources for novel oncology medications, including identifying the lead compounds and their derivatives for chemoprevention, is an essential step in advancing cancer therapeutics. This article mainly focuses on the data from our previous American ginseng anti-colon cancer studies. In addition to the potential role of American ginseng on cancer, the herb as an adjuvant for cancer treatment is presented, including describing the attenuation of adverse events induced by chemotherapeutic agents and increasing of quality of cancer patient life. Since heat-treated American ginseng and ginsenoside gut microbiome metabolites showed significant increases in cancer chemopreventive effects, active constituents of the steamed herb and their gut metabolites should be clearly identified, and the structure-activity relationship should be further explored. Data obtained from herbal medicine studies and clinical trials will help develop useful anticancer agents.

Objective To ensure the quality of field operation materials, and enhance rescue ability of medical corps in field condition. Methods Materials for package and sterilization were tested and selected for new way of package and sterilization instead of the traditional cotton. Results Sheet package was preserved in normal condition. Every month the microorgarism in sheet package was sampled. There were no bacteria in the operation items in the half-year sampling. So the period of validity was prolonged from one week to half year. Conclusion With the new package sterilization method, the work load of nurses is alleviated and the expenses on repeated sterilization due to short term of validity are also reduced. At the same time, operation infection rate and death rate are decreased so that the battle injury rescue level was raised.

se—Met. In the experimental range of concentration, the activities of GSH—px were higher than that of control.