Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) technology originated in China during the Eastern Jin Dynasty and has rapidly developed over the past two decades, becoming a primary method for studying the causal relationship between gut microbiota and the occurrence and progression of diseases. At the same time, the therapeutic effects of FMT in the field of gastrointestinal diseases have gained widespread recognition and are gradually expanding into other disease areas. The FMT procedure is relatively complex, and there is currently no standardized method; its success is influenced by various factors, including the donor, recipient, processing of the fecal material, and the method of implantation. Given the increasingly recognized relationship between gut microbiota and various diseases, FMT has become a research hotspot in both scientific studies and clinical applications, achieving a series of significant advancements. To help researchers better understand this technology, this paper will outline the development history of FMT, summarize common operational methods in research and clinical settings, review its application progress, and look forward to future development directions.

OBJECTIVETo describe clinical and histological features of oral granular cell tumor (OGCT)and discuss their proliferative activity.

METHODSClinical and microscopic features were assessed in 14 cases of OGCT collected from the department of oral pathology, college of stomatology of Wuhan University between 1970 and 2003. Immunohistochemical analysis was carried out using antibodies to S-100, NSE and Ki-67 and follow-up was obtained in all cases.

RESULTSTongue was the most commonly affected location (13/14). The average age was 32.6 years (range 11 to 50). OGCT occurred more commonly in females (2.5:1). Histologically, the lesions consisted of polygonal cells with abundant, granular cytoplasm. Eleven cases had typical histological features, while 3 specimens were atypical. Growth patterns were expansive in 3/14 and invasive in 11/14, including 3 atypical cases. Immunohistochemical analysis disclosed that 100% of granular cells demonstrated moderated/strong staining for S-100 protein, neuron specific enolase (NSE). Nuclear immunostaining for Ki-67 was observed only in isolated granular cells. Seven patients with benign and two patients with atypical granular cell tumor had no recurrence and metastases. One patient with atypical granular cell tumor had local recurrence after 9 years and died of the disease 10 months later.

CONCLUSIONSOGCT cells display low proliferation activity. Most OGCTs are benign but few have malignant potential and periodic follow-up is mandatory to detect malignant transformation.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Child ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Granular Cell Tumor ; metabolism ; pathology ; Humans ; Ki-67 Antigen ; metabolism ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Mouth Neoplasms ; metabolism ; pathology ; Young Adult

Scoliosis is a complex spinal three-dimensional malformation with complicated pathogenesis, often associated with complications as thoracic deformity and shoulder imbalance. Because the acquisition of specimen or animal models are difficult, the biomechanical study of scoliosis is limited. In recent years, along with the development of the computer technology, software and image, the technology of establishing a finite element model of human spine is maturing and it has been providing strong support for the research of pathogenesis of scoliosis, the design and application of brace, and the selection of surgical methods. The finite element model method is gradually becoming an important tool in the biomechanical study of scoliosis. Establishing a high quality finite element model is the basis of analysis and future study. However, the finite element modeling process can be complex and modeling methods are greatly varied. Choosing the appropriate modeling method according to research objectives has become researchers' primary task. In this paper, the author reviews the national and international literature in recent years and concludes the finite element modeling methods in scoliosis, including data acquisition, establishment of the geometric model, the material properties, parameters setting, the validity of the finite element model validation and so on.
Biomechanical Phenomena ; Computer Simulation ; Finite Element Analysis ; Humans ; Scoliosis ; physiopathology ; surgery ; Spine ; pathology

Objective:To evaluate whether posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) avulsion fracture was correlated with intercondylar notch and tibial slope.Methods:A total of 48 patients with PCL avulsion fracture were compared with 48 age- and sex-matched healthy controls without PCL avulsion fracture from January 2012 to October 2018 in our hospital. There were 25 males and 23 females with an average age of 54.35±14.06 years (range 27-82 years) in PCL avulsion fracture group. MRI of the knee joint were acquired in the sagittal, coronal, and axial sequences. The measurements included intercondylar notch's angle, width, and height, medial/lateral condylar widths, condylar width, medial/lateral posterior tibial slopes and coronal tibial slope. Notch shape index and notch width index were also calculated to adjust for size variations. The predictive accuracy of Risk factors were analyzed using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). The differences of morphological measurements between the two groups were compared. The morphological measurements with statistical significance were included for further multivariate analysis. Risk factors of PCL avulsion fracture were determined by binary logistic regression analysis. The inter- and intra-observer reproducibility of the measurements was determined by the intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC).Results:Except for coronal intercondylar notch height (0.709), medial posterior tibial slope (0.699) and lateral posterior tibial slope (0.705), the other intra-observer ICC ranged from 0.802 to 0.980, which indicated that the parameters had desirable reproducibility. Similarly, except for coronal intercondylar notch height (0.700), the other intra-observer ICC ranged from 0.778 to 0.971. Parameters of patients with PCL avulsion fracture, including the axial notch angle (52.56°±6.56°), coronal notch angle (54.81°±7.29°), axial intercondylar notch width (19.62±2.32 mm), axial notch shape index (0.68±0.08) and medial posterior tibial slope (8.27°±3.53°), were all significantly larger than those of the control group. The binary logistic regression analysis showed that the coronal notch angle ( β=0.102, OR=1.108, P=0.030) and medial posterior tibial slope ( β=0.151, OR=1.163, P=0.046) were the risk factors or PCL avulsion fracture. The AUC for coronal notch angle (0.678) and medial posterior tibial slope (0.631) exhibited good predictive power for the occurrence of PCL avulsion fracture. Conclusion:The larger coronal notch angle and medial posterior tibial slope were positively correlated with the incidence of PCL avulsion fracture.

Rotator cuff tears are one of the three most prevalent musculoskeletal disorders, with the supraspinatus tendon as the most common lesion site. It may lead to chronic shoulder pain, weakness and limited joint motion, and eventually to secondary degeneration of the shoulder. As traditional biomechanical experiments are limited by measurement techniques and ethical issues, it is almost impossible to clarify the stress distributions at the rotator cuff under physiological and pathological conditions. Recently, advances in computer science, software development and image processing have rapidly improved finite element models of shoulder joint which promote the researches into pathogenesis of rotator cuff tears and their surgical techniques, making finite element analysis an indispensable means in the biomechanic research of rotator cuff. This paper reviews the recent literature available in China and abroad to expound on the element models of shoulder joint applied in the researches into pathogenesis and surgery of rotator cuff tear.

Purpose: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with elevated cancer risk and poor survival outcome in malignancies. The objective of this study was to evaluate the prognostic value of preexisting DM in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Materials and Methods: Six hundred and thirty-three subjects with newly-diagnosed CLL between 2007 and 2016 were recruited. Propensity score-matched method was performed to balance baseline characteristics and eliminate possible bias. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses screened the independent risk indicators for time-to-first-treatment (TTFT) and cancer-specific survival (CSS) of CLL. Receiver operator characteristic curves and the corresponding areas under the curve assessed the predictive accuracy of CLL–International Prognostic Index (IPI) together with DM. Results: The results showed that 111 patients had pre-existing DM. In the propensity-matched cohort, DM was correlated with inferior TTFT and CSS in CLL patients, and it was an independent prognostic factor for both CSS and TTFT. Pre-diabetics also shared undesirable prognostic outcome compared with patients with no diabetic tendency, and a positive association between longer diabetic duration and poorer prognosis of CLL was identified. DM as one additional point to CLL-IPI had larger area under the curve compared with CLL-IPI alone in CSS prediction and could improve the prognostic capacity of CLL-IPI. Conclusion Pre-existing DM was found to be a valuable prognostic predictor and could help predict life expectancy and build refined prognostication models for CLL.

Apoptosis ; Cell Proliferation ; Cells, Cultured ; Gene Silencing ; Glucose ; Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells ; Humans ; Hyperglycemia ; Oxidative Stress ; RNA, Long Noncoding/genetics* ; RNA, Small Interfering

Esophageal cancer is a digestive tract malignancy with high morbidity and mortality and mainly occurs in males. The 5-year survival rate is lower than 20%. In China， the morbidity and mortality of esophageal cancer rank the first in the world， seriously threatening national health. The pathogenesis of esophageal cancer is diverse， which is generally considered as the consequence of environmental-genetic-gene interaction. In addition to genetic factors and regional characteristics， gene mutation， RNA interference， DNA damage repair， tumor microenvironment， dietary habit， chronic adverse stimulation， and inflammatory reaction are all involved in the occurrence and development of esophageal cancer. However， there is no unified and accurate conclusion. Clarifying the exact pathogenesis of esophageal cancer is of great significance for its early screening， diagnosis， prevention， treatment， and prognosis. Surgery， radiotherapy， and chemotherapy are the three effective methods for the treatment of esophageal cancer. However， due to the atypical early symptoms， most patients have missed the best operation period when diagnosed， resulting in poor clinical prognosis. Moreover， radiotherapy and chemotherapy will cause side effects such as loss of appetite， low immune function， esophagitis， pneumonia， and malnutrition， which is not conducive to the prognosis and treatment maintenance of patients. With definite efficacies on esophageal cancer， traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）， which is flexible and diverse in the treatment， can primarily or alternatively be involved in the treatment of esophageal cancer. TCM can eliminate postoperative complications and postoperative infections and relieve adverse gastrointestinal reactions， weakened immune function， and organ damage caused by radiotherapy and chemotherapy. It can enhance clinical efficacy and improve the quality of life of patients. Therefore， it is necessary to systematically summarize the clear pathogenesis or risk factors of esophageal cancer and review the clinical characteristics of TCM in the prevention and treatment of esophageal cancer to facilitate the early screening， diagnosis， and treatment of esophageal cancer and promote the application of TCM in the prevention and treatment of esophageal cancer and related adverse reactions.

Objective To explore the efficacy and safety of recombinant human anti-severe acute respiratory syn-drome coronavirus 2(anti-SARS-CoV-2)monoclonal antibody injection(F61 injection)in the treatment of patients with coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)combined with renal damage.Methods Patients with COVID-19 and renal damage who visited the PLA General Hospital from January to February 2023 were selected.Subjects were randomly divided into two groups.Control group was treated with conventional anti-COVID-19 therapy,while trial group was treated with conventional anti-COVID-19 therapy combined with F61 injection.A 15-day follow-up was conducted after drug administration.Clinical symptoms,laboratory tests,electrocardiogram,and chest CT of pa-tients were performed to analyze the efficacy and safety of F61 injection.Results Twelve subjects(7 in trial group and 5 in control group)were included in study.Neither group had any clinical progression or death cases.The ave-rage time for negative conversion of nucleic acid of SARS-CoV-2 in control group and trial group were 3.2 days and 1.57 days(P=0.046),respectively.The scores of COVID-19 related target symptom in the trial group on the 3rd and 5th day after medication were both lower than those of the control group(both P＜0.05).According to the clinical staging and World Health Organization 10-point graded disease progression scale,both groups of subjects improved but didn't show statistical differences(P＞0.05).For safety,trial group didn't present any infusion-re-lated adverse event.Subjects in both groups demonstrated varying degrees of elevated blood glucose,elevated urine glucose,elevated urobilinogen,positive urine casts,and cardiac arrhythmia,but the differences were not statistica-lly significant(all P＞0.05).Conclusion F61 injection has initially demonstrated safety and clinical benefit in trea-ting patients with COVID-19 combined with renal damage.As the domestically produced drug,it has good clinical accessibility and may provide more options for clinical practice.

The COVID-19 pandemic is yet another reminder that the threat of infectious disease has never really gone away. As the cornerstone of preventing and controlling infectious diseases, effective surveillance and early warning are of great significance in understanding the outbreak and epidemic of specific infectious diseases and putting forward effective prevention and control measures. Therefore, we must continue strengthening the construction of infectious disease surveillance and early warning system. We reviewed the surveillance and early warning practices of infectious diseases in major countries and regions, then discussed the development direction in the field of surveillance and early warning of infectious diseases to provide the reference for strengthening the construction and capacity of infectious disease surveillance and early warning system in China.
COVID-19 ; China/epidemiology* ; Communicable Diseases/epidemiology* ; Disease Outbreaks/prevention & control* ; Humans ; Pandemics/prevention & control*