Objective This article aims to provide mechanisms and recent developments of molecular biology pertaining to re-sistance of Enterococci,providing rapid approaches for detecting resistant strains.Methods This article reviewed recent lit-eratures on resistance of Enterococci and a systemic analysis was conducted.Results Common detecting methods include polymerase chain reaction (PCR),pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE),multilocus sequence typing (MLST)and South-ern blot.There also exist less widely-used methods such as pyrosequencing and genechip technique,which may prove effi-cient in some aspects.Conclusion Every method has its advantages and disadvantages.This article discussed how to utilize these methods to achieve their maximum capabilities.

We collected 22 cultivated population of Lonicera japonica from 17 areas. The characteristics of non-glandular hairs were observed and measured by the scanning electron microscopy. The principal components analysis and correlation analysis were conduct based on length and density of L. japonica. The results showed a significant negative correlation between length and density of non-glandular hairs, and the characteristics of non-glandular was not corrrelated significantly with latitude. The correlation results indicated that the density was a key to separate "Damaohua" and "Jizhuahua". The contribution of climate and soil was important to the cultivated population. This reminded that the characteristics of non-glandular hairs were affected by environmental and genetic interaction.
Lonicera ; anatomy & histology ; growth & development ; ultrastructure

Sixty-three morphological traits from 743 specimens of the 41 taxa within the cultivated Lonicera japonica were observed and measured, such as the height of plants, the length of leaf, the width of leaf, the length of anther, the alabastrum's number of one branch, the color of alabastrum and so on. A numerical taxonomy is presented by using the cluster analysis, principal components analysis (PCA) and factor analysis. Sixteen of 63 characters were screened by means of PCA and used for cluster analysis of 41 taxa with the method of Ward linkage and average euclidean distance. The cluster analysis showed that the 41 taxa could be divided into 5 groups when the Euclidean distance coefficient was 11.84. The factor analysis indicated that the shape of leaf, color of alabastrum, the pilosity and color of twiggery were of significance for the cultivated L. japonica classification. The results of this study will be a base for the core collection and breeding of L. japonica.
Breeding ; China ; Flowers ; chemistry ; classification ; genetics ; Lonicera ; chemistry ; classification ; genetics ; growth & development ; Plant Leaves ; chemistry ; classification ; genetics ; Quantitative Trait Loci

This paper employed UPLC-Electrospray Ionization /Quadrupole-Time of Flight-Mass /Mass Spectrometry( UPLC-ESI/Q-TOF-MS/MS) to analyze the chemical constituents in the stems of Nelumbo nucifera. The stems of N. nucifera were extracted with 75% methanol, and we applied an Agilent Zorbax SB-Aq column (2.1 mm x 100 mm, 1.8 μm) to UPLC analysis with water methanol-water( containing 0.05% formic acid) in gradient as mobile phase. The eluates were then detected by ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS. Results indicated that 22 benzylisoquinoline alkaloids were indendified. Among them, one alkaloid may be a new compound and a component was found in the Lotus for the first time. We fully identify the composition of the Lotus stems for the first time, Which could provides theoretical foundation for further study and utilization of the medicinal resources.
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; methods ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; Molecular Structure ; Nelumbo ; chemistry ; Plant Stems ; chemistry ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry ; methods

To clarify the origin and development of the traditional Chinese medicine "Duhuo" and "Qianghuo" with medicinal literatures. Medical literatures of past dynasties were analysed and combined with the modern material. The "Duhuo" in Herbal writing Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing include traditional Chinese medicine "Duhuo" and "Qianghuo", "Qianghuo" was separated from "Duhuo" due to the distinguish of clinical application. The origin of "Qianghuo" is Notopterygium incisum and N. forbesii, However, The origin of "Duhuo" is very complex, Angelica pubescens f. biserrata as authentic "Duhuo" was used from Song Dynasty. "Qianghuo" was originated from "Duhuo".
Angelica ; chemistry ; growth & development ; Apiaceae ; chemistry ; growth & development ; China ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; isolation & purification ; Geography ; Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Research ; Species Specificity

Through the investigation of Phellodendron Cortex on the market, and 28 batches of samples were collected. By using spectrophotometer the color values of outer surface, inner surface and cross - section of these samples were measured. These measured color data was translated into 3D structure diagram by using the Lab color space tool. The level difference value, the mean value and the threshold value were calculated based the measured color data of these different batches of samples. All 28 groups measured data was analyzed using the methods of Ward linkage and average Euclidean distance. At the same time, we invited Professor Jin Shiyuan, the "Chinese medicine master", to identify, quality-evaluate and grade these 28 batches of Phellodendron Cortex samples base on the traditional experience, then compared the traditional empirical results with the spectrophotometer measurement results. The result showed that, the Phellodendron Cortex could be divided into Phellodendri Amurensis Cortex and Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex by color numerical clustering, and classified according to quality. The classification result has a high degree of consistency with the traditional experience.
China ; Color ; Herbal Medicine ; economics ; Phellodendron ; chemistry ; classification ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; classification ; Quality Control ; Spectrophotometry

Objective To learn the suitability and validity of readmission service at counties and townships in rural China.Methods Seven pilot counties were randomly selected from the eastern,middle and western areas of China,and five diseases of the respiratory infection and cerebral system were set as the targets,while 600 target inpatient readmitted who had any of the five target diseases from 2012 to 2013 in such counties were selected from the NRCMS database.With expert consultation and empirical evaluation,the fitness of the days of stay at township hospital and necessity of hospitalization at county hospitals were evaluated for such target inpatients.Results 64.7％ of the target inpatients were found with unfit days of stay at township hospitals,mostly too short;59.0％ of the target inpatients' hospitalization at county hospitals were found with serious risk factors during their hospitalization;18.5％ of the inpatients were found with unnecessary hospitalization.Conclusions Hierarchical medical system can enhance the efficiency of the heahhcare system,but the current validity of readmission is poor,so is the fitness of days of stay at township hospitals,and the quality of the referral pattern.These problems mostly result from poor medical competence at township hospitals and high autonomy of patients in seeking medical service anywhere in the country.

BACKGROUND: Upper eyelid flap grafting-related vessels such as superficial temporal artery, supratrochlear artery, supraorbital artery trunk are reported. Upper eyelid artery dissection is becoming more and more important for the surgery on the eyelid, but there is a lack of anatomical analysis of upper eyelid artery. OBJECTIVE: To measure the anatomical position of the upper eyelid artery in the eyelid region, and to provide anatomical basis for adjacent flap grafting. METHODS: Twenty adult skull specimens were dissected, and a reference coordinate system was made based on the inner canthus connection for the X axis, and the center line for the Y axis. The red lactoprene was injected into the skull model via common carotid artery.The locations A-E of the upper eyelid artery in the eyelid area were measured. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The upper eyelid artery in the eyelid area was mainly from the supratrochlear artery and the supraorbital artery, generally paralleling to the X axis. The upper eyelid branch originated from the supratrochlear artery was located at the projection of the inner canthus, with a total length of 24.50 mm, and a diameter of 0.51 mm, extended to the outer canthus and the diameter of the vessel gradually reduced. The upper eyelid branch originated from the supraorbital artery was located at pupil and inner canthus junction 1/2 projection. The total length of the blood vessels was about 23-24.6 mm, and the diameter of the blood vessels was (0.55±0.05) mm. In the current study, we obtained the surface projecting of upper eyelid artery in the eyelid area by establishing the skull model of blood perfusion, which provides an anatomic basis for upper eyelid flap grafting.

Objective To analyze the gonadal hormone and seminal plasma of patients with abnormal semen liquefaction and investigate the influence mechanism in order to provide guidance for the diagnosis and treatment. Methods 152 men of childbearing age were divided into two groups according to the liquefaction time (cut?off point: 60 minutes). Routine semen parameters,gonadal hormone and seminal plasma were tested and compared between the above groups. T?test was applied to compare individual gland function (pH value,neutralα?glycosidase,fructopyranose,seminal plasma zinc and citric acid) and gonadal hormone (FSH,LH,PRL,T and E2). Logistic regression analysis was adopted to probe the influencing factors for abnormal semen liquefaction. Results Seminal pH value (7.47 ± 0.13 vs. 7.32 ± 0.18),citric acid(51.12 ± 12.95 vs. 83.11 ± 33.46)and FSH (4.40 ± 1.03 vs. 4.85 ± 1.50)levels were significant different between the two groups (P < 0.05),but the other indexes showed no significant difference. Correlation regression analysis showed that semen liquefaction capacity has correlative relationship with seminal plasma fructose (OR=2.644),citric acid (OR=0.922),serum T (OR=1.029) and E2,while no correlative relationship with other indexes. Conclusions Correlation between two glands (seminal vesicle and prostate) and balance in the two hormones (T and E2) influence the liquefaction time. Specific causes should be distinguished before diagnosis.

Objective To compare the effect of kidney-tonifying blood-activating recipe (KBR) and Aescuven Forte Tablets ( AFT) in improving the sperm quality of varicocele-induced male sterility, thus to optimize the therapeutic therapy for varicocele-induced male sterility. Methods A total of 102 varicocele-induced male sterility with abnormal sperm parameters after conservative treatment were randomized into KBR group (N=53) and AFT group ( N=49) . KBR group was given KBR plus natural vitamin E and AFT group was given AFT plus natural vitamin E, and the treatment lasted for 8 continuous weeks. Before and after treatment, the quality of seminal fluid was analyzed, sperm quantization parameters such as total number of sperm (TNS) , total number of progressive motility sperm ( TNPS) , total number of normal form sperm ( TNNS) and total number of nor mal form and progressive motility sperm ( TNNPS) were observed, and the improvement rate of sperm quantization parameter was compared. Results (1) Before treatment, the differences of TNS, TNPS, TNNS and TNNPS were insignificant between the two groups ( P>0.05) . After treatment, TNNS was not improved in AFT group ( P>0.05) , but TNS, TNPS, TNNPS were much improved in both groups ( P<0.01 compared with those before treatment) . The improvement of KBR group was superior to that of AFT group ( P<0.05) . ( 2) The improvement rate for TNS, TNPS, TNNS, TNNPS was 90.57%, 79.25%, 67.92%, 77.36%in KBR group, and was 75.51%, 73.47%, 28.57%, 61.22% in AFT group respectively. The improvement rate for TNS and TNNS in KBR group was superior to that in AFT group ( P<0.05 or P<0.01) . Conclusion Varicocele-induced male sterility patients usually have the syndrome of kidney deficiency and blood stasis, so KBR, which has the function of tonifying kidney and activating blood, has synergistic action on the effect of AFT in improving sperm quality of varicocele-induced male sterility patients.