There are disadvantages in examination in basic medical stage. For example, there is too much quantity of work in written examination and the time is short for preparation for oral examination. Basic medical college reforms the examination in the first stage. The exam is composed of two parts. One is performed in computer instead of being written on paper,the oth-er is oral test whose topic is informed one term ahead of time. These can improve the students’ ability to summarize what they have learned in class.

Objective To construct recombinant full length genotype B and C hepatitis B virus (HBV)and to examine HBV DNA replication and hepatitis B surface antigen(HBsAg),hepatitis B e antigen(HBeAg)expressions in Huh7 cells. Methods The full length genotype B and C HBV DNA were extracted and amplified from two HBV infected patients. The recombinant plasmids were constructed by inserting the amplified HBV fragments into the eukaryotic expression vector,pHY106,which were then transfected into Huh7 cells. The cells transfected with blank pHY106 vector were used as control. HBV DNA replication at 72 hours of transfection was detected by Southern blot. The HBV DNA levels in Huh7 cells at 24,48,72,96 and 120 hours of transfection were determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction(PCR).Meanwhile, the HBsAg and HBeAg expression levels in the supernatants at 24,48,72,96 and 120 hours were determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).Results The recombinant plasmids expressing genotype B or C HBV DNA were successfully constructed.The HBV replicative intermediates in HBV core particles,including rcDNA dsDNA and ssDNA,were detected by Southern blot.HBV DNA level could reach 8 lg copy/mL which was by real-time PCR. HBsAg and HBeAg levels determined by ELISA peaked at 72 hours after transfection and then declined gradually. Conclusions The recombinant plasmids inserted with genotype B or C HBV DNA are constructed successfully, which can express high levels of HBsAg and HBeAg in Huh7 cells. This system provides a platform for studying the pathogenesis of B and C genotype HBV, the interaction between HBV and host, as well as exploiting new drugs against HBV.

Objectives To validate the Screening Tool for the Assessment of Malnutrition in Pediatrics (STAMP) in hospitalized pediatric patients, and to assess the nutritional status and nutritional risk using STAMP. Methods the nutritional status of hospitalized pediatric patients was investigated by adopting STAMP. The STAMP score≥4 was deifned as a high standard of nutritional risk. Results Among 1 506 hospitalized children, children with high nutritional risk accounted for 26.56%. The overall prevalence of malnutrition and stunting was 19.12%and 10.16%, respectively. There was signiifcant diffe-rence in stunting among each department (P<0.05), which was the highest in department of internal pediatrics. The proportion of patients receiving nutritional support was 10.09%. Among them, the rate of parenteral and enteral nutrition support was 7.84%and 2.92%, respectively. The ratio of parenteral nutrition to enteral nutrition was 2.68:1. After intervention to hospitalized pa-tients with high nutritional risk, the overall prevalence of high nutritional risk decreased from 26.56%at admission to 21.71%at discharge (P<0.05). Conclusions STAMP can objectively relfect the possible malnutritional risk in hospitalized pediatric patients. The nutrition condition of the pediatric patients can be improved through nutritional risk management.

Adult ; Bronchoalveolar Lavage ; methods ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pneumoconiosis ; therapy ; Quinuclidines ; therapeutic use

Objective: To investigate the cognitive impairment features in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment(aMCI) and vascular cognitive impairment-no dementia(VCI-ND).Methods:Sixteen normal elders,10 patients with aMCI and 12 patients with VCI-ND were recruited.The normal elders were selected from communities in Shanghai,while the aMCI and VCI-ND patients were selected from outpatient clinic.All participants ranged in age of 50～80 years,with education level of junior middle school or above,and they completed cranial CT or MRI and a series of neuropsychological tests.Results:In the three memory tests,aMCI group performed worst.The scores of both aMCI and VCI-ND groups were lower than that of the normal elders.For example,the delayed recall scores of the Rey-Osterrich complex figure test in the three groups were(18.8?9.5)(normal),(5.6?5.6)(aMCI) and(9.6?7.0)(VCI-ND)(P

Objectives To screen the differentially expressed proteins in serum of population chronically exposed to arsenic in drinking water,thus to provide candidate protein biomarkers for arsenic exposure and arsenicosis.Methods Subjects were selected from the drinking water type of endemic arsenicosis areas in Shanxi province,China.Demographic characteristics,history of arsenic exposure,cigarette smoking,alcohol drinking,health and other information were collected using questionnaire.The subjects were divided into low-arsenic group (with arsenic in drinking water ＜ 10 μg/L),medium-arsenic group( 10 - 50 μg/L),high-arsenic group( ＞ 50 μg/L),and arsenicosis group(the drinking water with arsenic ＞ 50 μg/L was replaced by low arsenic water ＜ 10 μg/L).The number of cases in each group was 30.The arsenicosis patients were diagnosed according to “Standard of Diagnosis for Endemic Arsenism” (WS/T 211-2001 ).With the principle of informed consent,blood samples were collected.Differentially expressed serum proteins of different arsenic exposure groups and arsenicosis group were screened by two-dimensional differential gel electrophoresis(2-D DIGE),and further identified by mass spectrometry (MS).Results An average of (1299 ± 167) protein spots were identified in 6 gel images and 688 protein spots were discovered repeatedly in at least 5 gels.There were 33 protein spots differentially expressed among low-,medium- and high-arsenic groups P ＜ 0.01).Fifty four protein spots were significantly different among low-,medium-,high-arsenic exposure groups and arsenicosis group(P ＜ 0.01 ).Twenty five protein spots were selected for MS analysis,and13 protein spots were identified.Compared with low-arsenic group,the expressions of apolipoprotein A-Ⅳ,retinol binding protein,and estrogen receptor hypothalamic isoform in medium- and higharsenic exposure groups were down regulated,and the expressions of component 4A and 4B were up regulated.Compared with low-,medium- and high-arsenic groups,the expressions of beta-2-glycoprotein Ⅰ,Keratin 1,hemopexin,complement C1r subcomponent,and ficolin-3 in arsenicosis group were down regulated,and the expressions of pigment epithelial-differentiating factor,alpha-1-microglobulin and carboxypeptidase N catalytic chain were up regulated.Conclusions Chronic arsenic exposure can significantly change population's serum protein expression.Differentially expressed proteins in arsenicosis patients will not decline with the decline of arsenic in a short term.Whether or not the differentially expressed proteins identified in this study can be used as biomarkers for arsenic exposure and arsenicosis needs to be further verified.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the uses of antibacterials,the characteristics of bacterial distribution and the drug resistance and provide a foundation for reasonable application of antibacterials.METHODS Germs isolation and cultivation were carried out according to National Clinical Testing Operation Procedures(2nd edition).Germs definition and resistance test were carried out by using VITEK 2 Compact microbiological assay system.Statistical analysis was processed by using WHONET 5.4.RESULTS Totally 7815 strains of bacteria were isolated from clinical samples,most of which were Gram-negatives(G-)(58.0%,56.3% and 59.5%,respectively in the 3 years).The tendency of Gram-positives(G+) didnot charee obviously(about 20%).Theresistance were increasing.The resistance rate of Staphylococcus aureus was more than 70.0 % to the most antibacterials.Up to now,there was no vancomycin-resistant isolate.CONCLUSIONS We should use antibacterials reasonably and efficiently to delay and control drug resistance,according to the susceptibility test.

Acclimatization ; physiology ; Adult ; Altitude ; Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins ; metabolism ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Myelin Basic Protein ; metabolism ; Nervous System Diseases ; metabolism ; Occupational Exposure ; Succinate Dehydrogenase ; metabolism

Objective To express nonstructural protein 2 transactivated protein (NS2TP) of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in the prokaryotic expression system and prepare polyclonal antibody,and to study the expressions in different liver tissues.Methods NS2TP gene was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique and cloned into the prokaryotic expression vector pET-32a(+),which was transformed into E.coli BL21.The protein was induced by isopropyl thiogalactose (IPTG) and analyzed with sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and confirmed by Western blotting assay.The recombinant protein were expressed and purified in a large amount.The rabbit was immunized with the purified protein to prepare polyelonal antibody.The liver tissues of patients with chronic HCV infection and healthy controls were detected by immunohistochemistry method.Results The recombinant NS2TP protein (relative molecular mass:33×103 ) and polyclonal antibody with high titer and specificity were successfully prepared.NS2TP expressions in the liver of patients with chronic HCV infection were higher than those of healthy controls,and were mainly distributed in the nucleus of hepatocytes.Conclusions The NS2TP expression level and intracellular location in liver tissue of patients with chronic HCV infection are understanded,which could bring new clues for further study of the biological function of NS2TP and the pathogenesis of HCV infection.

Objective To observe the efficacy and safety of the treatment on postoperative pain of anal disease by ear-point taping and pressuring. Methods Using random number table method,118 patients with postoperative pain of anal diseases were divided into 5 groups, namely 26 cases of analgesia group treated by main ear-point, 20 cases of group one treated by analgesia compatibility ear-point, 22 cases of group two treated by analgesia compatibility ear-point, 27 patients of group three treated by analgesia compatibility ear-point, and 23 patients of control group. The main ear-point for analgesia included TF(4) and the sensitive point matching with diseased area;Based on the main ear-point, compatibility ear-point group one add to AT(4)、CO(18)、AH(6a);compatibility ear-point group two add to CO(7)、HX(2)、HX(5);compatibility ear-point group three add to AH(6a)、AT(4)、HX(5);and the control group was treated with oral indomethacin tablets. All five groups were treated for 30 min, and the clinical analgesic efficacy and safety were evaluated. Results Pain scores decreased rates of the main ear-point analgesia group, compatibility ear-point analgesia group one, compatibility ear-point analgesia group two, compatibility ear-point analgesia group three, and the control analgesia group at 10 min after treatment was (6.49±1.98)%, (5.90±1.52)%, (6.10±2.22)%, (6.64±2.25)%, and (7.61± 1.10)%respectively. Compared with the control group , the main ear-point analgesia group or the compatibility ear-point analgesia group one or the compatibility ear-point analgesia group two, the difference was significant (P<0.05) . At 30 min after treatment, integral reduce pain rate of the above groups was (0.45±0.23)%, (0.43±0.18)%, (0.42±0.19)%, (0.38±0.25)%, and (0.38±0.23)%, the difference was not statistically significant between the control group and the other four groups (P>0.05). Conclusion The effects of 10 min treatment of ear-point taping and pressuring treating postoperative pain of anal disease was significantly better than the control group,however the 30 min treatment did not show significant difference.