Objective To investigate the effects of extracts of Ginkgo biloba leaves ( EGb761 ) on learning,memory and the hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) in chronic alcoholic rats.Methods 72 SD rats were randomly divided into control group,chronic alcoholism model group,low-dose EGb761 (100 mg/kg) and high-dose EGb761 (200 mg/kg) groups on average.55％ alcohol was given ( 10 ml/kg) by gavages once every day for 6 weeks to create the model of chronic alcoholism.In low-dose and high-dose EGb761 groups,EGb761 was used for gastric infusion 30 minutes before model.The control group and the model group were infused with the same volume of distilled water.Morris water maze (MWM) was used to study the spatial learning and memory in rats.Electrophysiological methods were used to observe the changes of LTP through the comparison of field excitatory postsynaptic potential (fEPSP) slope in hippocampal CA3 region before and after high frequency stimulation (HFS).Results ( 1 ) The escape latency (EL) of model group ( (93.31 ± 14.21 ) s) was longer than that of the control group( (35.28 ±6.51 )s).The mean slope of fEPSP (relative to baseline) after HFS in model group was (96.91 ±7.65) ％,in control group was ( 177.22 ± 10.12) ％ ; Compared with control group,the ability of learning and memory as well as LTP obviously descended in model group.(2) Compared with model group,EGb761(100,200 mg/kg) could shorten the EL.The slope of fEPSP after HFS in either low-dose (( 126.16 ± 5.84)％ )or high-dose (141.31 ± 5.75)％ EGb761 groups was enhanced significantly compared with the model group (96.91 ± 7.65 ) ％,P =0.034,P =0.009 ).Conclusion EGb761 can significantly improve the alcohol-induced memory impairment by means of accelerating the recovery of the pathological synaptic plasticity.

Objective:To evaluate the effect of repeated intranasal insulin on postoperative delirium (POD) in elderly patients undergoing general anesthesia.Methods:Seventy elderly patients, aged ≥65 yr, with body mass index ≤28 kg/m 2, of American Society of Anesthesiologists physical statusⅠ-Ⅲ, undergoing elective radical gastrectomy for gastric cancer under general anesthesia, were divided into 2 groups ( n=35 each) according to the random number table method: control group (group C) and insulin group (group I). In group C, normal saline 0.5 ml was administered intranasally twice a day from 2 days before surgery until the day of surgery.In group I, insulin 20 U (0.5 ml) was administered intranasally twice a day from 2 days before surgery until the day of surgery.The regional tissue oxygen saturation (rSO 2) was measured after entering the operating room (T 0), at intubation (T 1), at 1, 2 and 3 h after the start of operation (T 2-4), at the end of surgery (T 5) and at extubation (T 6). The insulin allergic reactions, nasal irritation and hypoglycemic reactions were recorded after intranasal administration of insulin or normal saline within 2 days before operation.The blood glucose concentrations were measured at T 0, T 3 and T 5.The occurrence of POD within 3 days after operation was recorded. Results:Compared with group C, the incidence of POD was significantly decreased within 3 days after operation, and the rSO 2 was increased at T 1-6 in group I ( P<0.05). The rSO 2 was significantly higher at T 1-6 than at T 0 in two groups ( P<0.05). There were no significant changes in blood glucose concentrations at T 0, T 3 and T 5 between the two groups ( P>0.05). No insulin allergic reactions, nasal irritation and hypoglycemic reactions occurred in two groups ( P>0.05). Conclusion:Repeated intranasal administration of insulin can increase the rSO 2 during operation and decrease the occurrence of POD in elderly patients undergoing radical gastrectomy for gastric cancer.

Molecular identification of Chinese traditional medicine has come from laboratory research into application, but there are some misunderstandings and problems emerging after rapid development. In this paper, we discuss the usage principle, hot field and technology innovation in molecular identification of Chinese traditional medicine. And molecular identification of traditional Chinese medicine has scientific and objective basis, follows the certain systematic research background, and adopts practical principles to establish case by case multi-class identification system. In order to achieve rapid, on-site, high throughput, low cost of traditional Chinese medicine identification purpose, molecular identification technology is further developing for meet the actual needs and the laboratory results further transformation in the service of traditional Chinese medicine industry.
China ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; standards ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; classification ; genetics ; Quality Control

OBJECTIVE:To prepare Puerarin polymeric micelles and establish a method to determine its entrapment efficiency. METHODS:Puerarin polymeric micelles were prepared by film dispersion method. The polymeric micelles and free drug were sepa-rated by centrifugal-millipore filter filtration method. The entrapment efficiency of puerarin polymeric micelles was determined by HPLC. Diamonsil C18(2)column was used with 1% citric acid solution-methanol(65∶35)at the flow rate of 1 ml/min. The detec-tion wavelength was set at 250 nm,and column temperature was room temperature. RESULTS:The prepared polymeric micelles were spherical and spherical-like in shape with a mean particle size of 54.12 nm,polydispersity index of 0.122,Zeta potential of -13.60 mV;the linear range of puerarin was 2-10μg/ml(R2=0.999 4)with average recovery rate of 99.2%(RSD=0.9%,n=3). The re-covery rate of free drug was 95.3%(RSD=1.7%,n=3). The mean entrapment efficiency and drug-loading amount of puerarin were(35.5±2.12)% and(0.3±0.07)%,respectively(n=3). CONCLUSIONS:Film dispersion method is suitable for the prepara-tion of Puerarin polymeric micelles. Established method is convenient,accurate and reliable for the content and entrapment efficien-cy determination of Puerarin polymeric micelles.

Traditional Chinese Medicine as a rare heritage from our progenitor is becoming more and more important in the world. A lot of foreign students have come to China for learning TCM , and the number of foreign students has increased with time. A lot of issues occur during the teaching process for the foreign students. The problems including the source of students' quality, language, teaching material and clinic practice during the teaching process for the foreign students were ana-lyzed in the article, and the resolutions according to the problems were put forward to attract more and more foreign students to learn TCM and promote TCM in the world.

According to the designed specific primers of gene fragment based on the Salvia miltiorrhiza transcriptome data, with the method of reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), this study cloned full-length cDNA sequence of 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(E)-butenyl-4-diphosphate synthase gene from Salvia miltiorrhiza bge.f.alba, this sequence is named as SmHDS and its GenBank registration number is KJ746807. SmHDS, 2 529 bp long, contains an ORF of 2 229 bp, encodes 742 amino acids, including 5' UTR 170 bp and 3' UTR 130 bp. Using bioinformatics software, having made a homology analysis of the obtained sequence, we can have a conclusion that SmHDS have a close genetic relationship with HDS of Salvia miltiorrhiza. Analysis result of prokaryotic expression revealed that in Escherichia coli, SmHDS expressed target proteins which in size are comparable with the protein predicted. Meanwhile, the 4 factors which can influence the protein expression were optimized, the 4 factors are inducing temperature, inducing time, IPTG concentrations and density of inducing host bacterium (A600). The optimal expression conditions of SmHDS were 30 degrees C until the A600 is 0.6, and add IPTG to a final concentration of 0.2 mmol x L(-1), and the induction time of 20 h. It provides theoretical basis for the further study of the function of 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(E)-butenyl-4-diphosphate synthase in the biosynthesis of tanshinone compounds.

Objective To investigate the clinical effects of biofeedback therapy on constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome(IBS-C).Methods 30 patients with IBS-C were given to biofeedback therapy,5 times every treatment course.and then their clinical symptoms,mental state and quality of life before the treatment and at the end of treatment with biofeedback therapy were respectively evaluated by symptom scores,self-rating anxiety scale (SAS),self-rating depression scale (SDS),and short form 36 health survey questionnaire (SF-36).Results Post-treatment with biofeedback therapy,there were very significant decrease in total and subscales scores of bowel symptom including abdominal pain/discomfort,abdominal distension,abnormal appearance of defecation,abnormal process of defecation((12.31±2.01) vs (19.16±2.17),(2.95±0.57) vs (5.04±1.04),(2.64±0.92) vs (4.25±1.09),(3.66±1.09) vs (5.10±0.57),(3.06±1.08) vs (4.77±0.95) respectively,P＜0.01).The integration of SAS and SDS were obviously decreased after treatment((39.53±6.39) vs (44.43±7.89),P＜0.05;(40.70±8.38) vs (46.46±8.74),P＜0.05),the SF-36 scores were also improved in five dimensions including rolephysical,social-functioning,vitality,role-emotional and mental health((74.16±21.25) vs (57.0±39.40),(86.21±13.54) vs (75.54±20.96),(75.16±13.42) vs (64.66±20.54),(78.87±28.36) vs (57.76±46.26),(81.60±16.08) vs (71.20±22.04) respectively,P＜0.05).Conclusion Biofeedback therapy can improve the clinical symptoms,alleviate the moods of anxiety and depression,and improve the quality of life in patients with IBS-C.

The author introduces the basic concepts of microsatellite and population genetics and its characteristics, expounds the application of these theories for population genetic structure and genetic diversity, gene flow and evolutionary significant unit ESU division research. This paper discuss its applicationin study of genetic causes, origin of cultivation, different regional origins of geoherbs, aiming at providing a new theory and method for geoherbs.
Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; Evolution, Molecular ; Genetic Markers ; genetics ; Genetic Techniques ; Geography ; Microsatellite Repeats ; genetics

OBJECTIVETo study the roles of histologic examination and polymerase chain reaction in diagnosis of toxoplasmic lymphadenitis (TL).

METHODSForty-six archival cases of histologically diagnosed TL, encountered during the period from April, 1999 to September, 2009 and with the paraffin-embedded lymph node tissue blocks available, were enrolled into the study. The presence of genome fragments of Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) was analyzed using semi-nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Thirty cases of one or two histopathologic triad of TL as the controls.

RESULTSThe positive rate of PCR in TL group was 76.1% (35/46), as compared to 10.0% (3/30) in the control group. The difference was of statistical significance. The sensitivity and specificity of the histologic triad in diagnosing TL was 92.1% (35/38) and 71.1% (27/38), respectively. The predictive value of positive and negative PCR results was 76.1% (35/46) and 90.0% (27/30). respectively.

CONCLUSIONSThe high specificity but low sensitivity of applying the histologic triad in diagnosing TL cases may be due to the occurrence of atypical histologic pattern. The sensitivity is improved with the use of semi-nested PCR in detecting T. gondii DNA.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Child ; DNA, Protozoan ; analysis ; Female ; Genome, Protozoan ; genetics ; Humans ; Lymph Nodes ; pathology ; Lymphadenitis ; diagnosis ; genetics ; parasitology ; pathology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Paraffin Embedding ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; methods ; Staining and Labeling ; Toxoplasma ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Toxoplasmosis ; diagnosis ; genetics ; parasitology ; pathology ; Young Adult

Objective To observe the expression of Bcl-2,Bax and proliferating cell nuclear antigen(PCNA) in liver of rats with hepatic fibrosis and the effects of transforming growth factor (TGF)-?1 vaccine on them.Methods Thirty healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned into 3 groups,named healthy control group(n=10),hepatic fibrosis group(n=10) and TGF-?1 vaccine treated group(n=10).The animal model with hepatic fibrosis was established by injecting solution dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) into abdominal cavity with concentration as 0.5% and dose as 0.2 mL/ 100 g.In TGF-?1 vaccine treated group,every rat was not only injected with DMN but also 150?g TGF-?1 vaccine protein.On the 42nd day,all rats were sacrificed.Then the blood and the liver tis- sues were collected.The expression levels of Bcl-2,Bax and PCNA in liver tissues were detected by S -P immunohistochemistry and observed by routine pathological evaluation.Alanine aminotransferase (ALT),aspartate aminotransferase(AST) and albumin(Alb) were determined by auto biochemical analytical tool.Serum levels of hyaluronic acid (HA),laminin(LN) were detected by radioimmunoas- say (RIA).Results The expression of Bax,which promoted apoptosis,directly correlated with pathological grade in liver of rats,while the expression of Bcl-2 and Bcl-2/Bax,which protected a gainst apoptosis,inversely correlated with pathological grade in liver of rats.The expression levels of TGF-?1 and Bax in healthy control group were significantly lower than those of fibrosis group,how ever,the expression levels of Bcl-2 were comparable between these two groups.As compared with fi- brosis group,the expression of TGF-?1 was significantly lower while the expression of Bcl-2 was sig nificantly higher in TGF-?1 vaccine treated group.However,the expression of Bax was comparable between these two groups.The expression level of PCNA of fibrosis group was significantly higher than that of healthy control group but dramatically lower than that of TGF-?1 vaccine treated group (Both P