ve value and 68.0% total coincidence rate. Conclusion The PCR developed in this study is found to be a rapid and reliable method for the detection of adenoviruses in infant diarrheal stools samples.

The amino acid sequences of the NP,P, M, F,HN and L proteins of the paramyxovirus Tianjin strain were analyzed by using the bioinformatics methods. Phylogenetic analysis based on 6 structural proteins among the Tianjin strain and 25 paramyxoviruses showed that the Tianjin strain belonged to the genus Respirovirus, in the subfamily Paramyxovirinae, and was most closely related to Sendal virus (SeV). Phylogenetic analysis with 14 known SeVs showed that Tianjin strain represented a new evolutionary lineage. Similarities comparisons indicated that Tianjin strain P protein was poorly conserved, sharing only 78.7%-91.9% amino acid identity with the known SeVs, while the L protein was the most conserved, having 96.0%-98.0% amino acid identity with the known SeVs. Alignments of amino acid sequences of 6 structural proteins clearly showed that Tianjin strain possessed many unique amino acid substitutions in their protein sequences, 15 in NP, 29 in P, 6 in M, 13 in F, 18 in HN, and 29 in L. These results revealed that Tianjin strain was most likely a new genotype of SeV. The presence of unique amino acid substitutions suggests that Tianjin strain maybe has a significant difference in biological, pathological, immunological, or epidemiological characteristics from the known SeVs.

Objective To explore the expression of glucose-regulated protein (Grp) 78 in ovarian cancer tissues and its clinical significance.Methods The expression of Grp78 in 60 cases of ovarian cancer tissue,15 cases of ovarian borderline tumor tissue,10 cases of normal ovarian tissue,10 cases of ovarian cyst tissue,was detected by immunohistochemistry,and analyzed the relationship between its expression and clinicopathological features of ovarian cancer.Results The expression of Grp78 in ovarian borderline tumor and ovarian cancer tissue was significantly higher than that in normal ovarian and ovarian cyst tissue[7/15 and 68.3％ (41/60) vs.1/10 and 1/10] (P ＜0.05).The expression of Grp78 was positively correlated with clinicopathological staging and lymphatic metastasis of ovarian cancer (P ＜ 0.05),negatively correlated with histological differentiation (P ＜ 0.05).No correlation with age and ascites (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions The levels of Grp78 are elevated in ovarian cancer specimens; high expression of Grp78 maybe participate in the occurrence,development,and prognosis of ovarian cancer.Increased expression of Grp78 might be a useful marker for predicting the carcinogenesis and progression of ovarian cancer.

Objective To systematically evaluate the performance of the Sysmex CS2000i Automatic Blood Coagulation Analysis System .Methods According to the standards of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) ,the precision ,accuracy ,lin‐earity ,biological reference interval and carry‐over rates of the Sysmex CS2000i Automatic Blood Coagulation Analysis System were detected ,meanwhile the detections of 5 clinical specimens were compared between this system and the Sysmex CA 1500 Automatic Blood Coagulation Analysis System .Results The intra‐assay precision coefficient of variation (CV) ,inter‐day precisions CV carry‐over rate ,accuracy and linearity of plasma prothrombin time ,activated partial thromboplastin time ,fibrinogen and D‐dimmer detec‐ted by the Sysmex CS2000i Automatic Blood Coagulation Analysis System were all consistent with the quality target requirements of our laboratory .Conclusion The Sysmex CS2000i Automatic Blood Coagulation Analysis System has better performance in vari‐ous aspects ,the detection results could be used for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of related diseases .

Outpatient care services are usually the patient's first contact between the patients and the most bas-ic health care. The provision of outpatient care contributes to immediate and large gains in health status. The pay-ment method is one of the most common incentive methods applied by purchasers to guide the performance of outpa-tient care providers. This systematic review applied cochrane review method, and searched, screened, assessed and synthesized the relevant original studies. 19 studies were finally included. It was found that existing payment methods combined with P4 P interventions could probably slightly improved the health professionals' use of some tests and treat-ments ( adjusted RR median = 1 . 095 , range 1 . 01 to 1 . 17 ) , but may have led to little or no difference in patients' utilisation of health services ( adjusted RR median = 1 . 01 , range 0 . 96 to 1 . 15 ) and may have led to little or no difference in the control of blood pressure or cholesterol ( adjusted RR = 1 . 01 , range 0 . 98 to 1 . 04 ) . Pay for per-formance involves a complex design, each detail design may contain different incentive effect, therefore policy makers intend to apply pay-for-performance to guide the behavior of health providers, the design on each components of pay for performance should be analyzed in order to find more potential intervention points.

Objective To integrate research training into clinical teaching effectively, the essential steps are understanding the students` demand and mastery, factors hindering learning and how to learn effectively.MethodsStudents in 7th grade in Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), graduate students and residents under clinical training, trained doctors for advanced studies from primary hospitals were surveyed with questionnaire by collecting educational background, the demand of learning medical research methodology, factors hindering learning, specific issues need in medical research methodology, learning model and assessment approaches.Results Totally 69 people were surveyed.92.75% of the respondents said they had studied medical research methodology and related courses before.However, 51 people (73.91%) answer they cannot read literatures with critical thinking.52 people (75.37%) indicated that they had difficulty in conducting research.58 (84.06%) people said it is very necessary to study the medical research methodology.No learning opportunities and enough time were the main hinders forlearning relevant knowledge.The top three high-demanding issues are sample size calculation and statistical knowledge, study design, and how to use the statistical software.44 (63.77%) people suggest e-learning with case based learning.Conclusions Integrate medical research methodology teaching into clinical teaching is in high-demand for students.E-learning is suggested with case based learning.

Paramyxovirus Tianjin strain, a new genotype of Sendal virus, was isolated from the lungs of common cotton-eared marmoset that died of severe respiratory infection in the marmoset colonies. The 19.28% IgM positive rate in the young children with acute respiratory tract infection suggested a close relationship between Tianjin strain and humans. Hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) is its major transmembrane glycoprotein responsible for viral attachment, penetration and release. To clear the relationship between HN structure and function of paramyxovirus Tianjin strain, rHN1, rHN2 and rHN3 overlapping the ectodomain of HN protein were expressed. Their antigenicity and hemaglutination activity, as well as cross reactivity to standard antisera against influenza virus type A, type B were analyzed. The results indicated expressed rHNs have the natural antigenicity.The segment rHN2 possesses more linear epitopes exposed on the surface of the native I-IN protein than found in segments rHN3 and rHN1. The hemagglutination activity of segment rHN3 is higher than that of segments rHN2 and rHN1, and partially dependent on the three-dimensional conformation of HN3 protein. Cross-reactivity between rHNs and standard antisera against influenza virus type A, type B suggested that rHNs might not be the best alternative as specific antigens to detect virus in clinicalserum specimens.

Objective To express nonstructural protein 2 transactivated protein (NS2TP) of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in the prokaryotic expression system and prepare polyclonal antibody,and to study the expressions in different liver tissues.Methods NS2TP gene was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique and cloned into the prokaryotic expression vector pET-32a(+),which was transformed into E.coli BL21.The protein was induced by isopropyl thiogalactose (IPTG) and analyzed with sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and confirmed by Western blotting assay.The recombinant protein were expressed and purified in a large amount.The rabbit was immunized with the purified protein to prepare polyelonal antibody.The liver tissues of patients with chronic HCV infection and healthy controls were detected by immunohistochemistry method.Results The recombinant NS2TP protein (relative molecular mass:33×103 ) and polyclonal antibody with high titer and specificity were successfully prepared.NS2TP expressions in the liver of patients with chronic HCV infection were higher than those of healthy controls,and were mainly distributed in the nucleus of hepatocytes.Conclusions The NS2TP expression level and intracellular location in liver tissue of patients with chronic HCV infection are understanded,which could bring new clues for further study of the biological function of NS2TP and the pathogenesis of HCV infection.

Objective To evaluate the influence of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) on sunburn cell formation and p53 protein expression induced by acute ultraviolet injury. Methods Ten volunteers were enrolled in this study. The buttock region served as the exposed region. Four areas were randomized and delineated on the buttock: one area (control area) received no exposure or product, the other 3 areas were exposed to two minimal erythema doses (MED) of simulated solar radiation (SSR) for 3 days. Of the 3 exposed areas, one area (SSR) received no product before exposure, one area (SSR + Veh) was pretreated with vehicle, the third area (SSR + GSPE) with the samples of GSPE. GSPE or vehicle was applied 30 minutes before each exposure at 2 μL/cm2. Skin biopsy was performed 24 hours after the last exposure, and skin specimens were subjected to hematoxylin eosin (HE) staining and histochemical analysis for p53 protein. Results There was a statistical difference in the number of sunburn cells per high power field (×200) between SSR sites and SSR + GSPE sites (29.8±11.1 cells vs 2.2±0.2 cells, P<0.01). A significant decrease was noticed in the account of p53 protein-positive cells per high power field (×200) in SSR + GSPE sites com-pared with the SSR sites (4.6±0.7 cells vs 19.3±3.4 cells, P<0.05). Conclusion GSPE exerts a poten-tial protective effect against acute ultraviolet injury and can serve as a natural sunscreen.

Purpose:To evaluate the role of multi - detector row CT(MDCT) using reconstruction techniques in the assessment of patients with obstructed diseases of biliary tract.Materials and Methods: 47 Patients with obstructed diseases of biliary tract confirmed clinically underwent MDCT and their reconstructed images of biliary tract including multi-planar reconstruction (MPR) images and curved planar reconstruction(CPR) images were compared with those of 50 patients without obstruction and dilatation of biliary tract.The display effect of biliary duct structure and biliary duct wall and the display ability of biliary tract by MPR and CPR images between the 2 groups were compared and analysed.The reconstruction images of biliary tract were analysed retrospectively to evaluate the location and possible causes of biliary obstruction.Results: The display effect of biliary duct structure and biliary duct wall in MPR and CPR images of the group with biliary obstruction is better than that of control group,and the display ability of biliary tract in CPR images of the group with biliary obstruction is also better than that of control group.The accuracy of localization and cause evaluation of obstruction by MPR and CPR images is 100% and 89.4% respectively.Conclusions: The MPR and CPR images of MDCT provide a good display of biliary duct structure,biliary duct wall and an accurate evaluation of obstruction localization.The reconstruction technique of MDCT such as MPR and CPR should be widely applied in the evaluation of biliary obstruction.