Objective To explore the measurement method of the treatment dose of the patient with Diode for photon beam in radiotherapy,and to validate the treatment dose by comparing with the treatment planning system (TPS).Methods Experiments of the reproducibility,dose rate dependence,non-linearity dose response,and calibration factor in 60Co γ and 6 MV X beams were carried out with Diode on the surface of solid phantom and in water phantom.According to the needs of clinic treatment,different conditions were chosen to observe the dose changes with the angle of incidence,energy response,distance of source to skin,field size,wedge angle,block and tray using ionization chamber and water phantom.The Diode was placed on the surface of the solid phantom to obtain the correction factors.The doses of the chest,abdomen,and head and neek were verified with the Alderson phantom and Diode.Diode doses of the pelvis,head and neck at 14 points on the patient were measured.Results The Diode was irradiated at the points of the Alderson phantom,such as AP,RL and LL of the pelvis,with and without wedges,RL and LL junction of the neck and chin,with and without mask,the maximum relative deviation of doses was within ± 3% between Diode and TPS.The Diode was placed in different locations on the patient,including chest,abdomen and head and neck.The relative maximum deviation of doses was within ±5% between Diode and TPS.Conclusions The Diode method is reliable for measuring the exposure doses of the patient in radiotherapy.

Objective To explore the relationship between job resources and anxiety on nurses,and investigate the moderating and mediating effects of resilience on job resources and anxiety. Methods Chi-nese nurses ( n＝560) from some departments of four hospitals in tangshan city were recruited by random sampling method and interviewed by job resources questionnaire,Connor-Davidson resilience scale and self-rating anxiety scale. Results The scores of nurses'anxiety,resilience and job resources were 40.82±9.63, 9.45±1.82,and 93.24±16.61 respectively.The resilience,job resources and its dimensions were negatively correlated to nurses'anxiety (P＜0.05).Resilience played moderating role in the relationship between nurses'anxiety and work autonomy(β＝0.168,P＜0.01).Resilience served to mediate the relationship between nurses'anxiety and performance feedback,career development opportunities (P＜0.05). The mediating effect value of performance feedback and career development opportunities on nurses' anxiety were －0.115881 and－0.068052 respectively ,which were 41.26% and 32.71% of the total effect respectively. Conclusion Job resources and resilience are closely related to nurses'anxiety.Resilience plays partially moderating and medi-ating role in the relationship between nurses'anxiety and job resources.

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is a type of fatal central nervous system degeneration caused by infectious pathogenic prion protein. The early clinical manifestations of the disease are diverse and lack of specificity, so it is difficult to distinguish it from other neurological diseases. Researchers have made long-term exploration and clinical applications in imaging, electroencephalography, and detection of special proteins in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. In recent years, the development of new methods for the detection of pathogenic prion protein has provided great help for the early diagnosis of the disease, and it has great clinical application prospects. This article reviews the current research on the epidemiology, etiology and pathological mechanism and early diagnosis biomarkers of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, in order to help clinical colleagues to further enhance the understanding of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.

OBJECTIVETo explore the relationship between the polymorphism of estrogen-biosynthesis genes (CYP17, CYP19, HSD17beta1) and risk of breast cancer.

METHODSA matched case-control study was designed. From May 2007 to July 2008, 200 pairs of subjects with and without breast cancer were enrolled, who were matched by age and menstruation status. Demographical characteristics, dietary factors and reproductive factors were investigated by questionnaire. CYP17 locus 1931 (T-->C), CYP19 codon 264 (Arg-->Cys) and HSD17beta1 locus 1954 (A-->G) were identified by AS-PCR (allele-specific PCR). The gene-gene interaction were analyzed with the MDR model (multifactor dimensionality reduction). Based on the results of MDR model, an unconditional logistic regression model was simulated to estimate the ORs of interaction factors and other risk factors.

RESULTSThe main effect of CYP17, CYP19 and HSD17beta1 susceptible genotypes were not correlated to breast cancer (OR approximately 1, P > 0.05). The positive interaction effect between CYP17 (T 1931C) and HSD17beta1 (A1954G) was discovered by MDR model with a statistically significant difference (Sign test, P = 0.05). The model's testing balance accuracy was 56.00%, and crossing validation consistency was 10/10. Multivariable unconditional logistic regression showed that after adjusting BMI, intake of estrogen, age of first birth, number of abortion and period of breast feeding, the interaction item of CYP17 (T1931C) and HSD17beta1 (A1954G) was strongly and positively correlated to breast cancer (OR = 2.52, 95%CI = 1.54 to 4.11).

CONCLUSIONThe estrogen-biosynthesis genes CYP17 (T1931C) and HSD17beta1 (A1954G) polymorphism may jointly increase the risk of breast cancer.

Aromatase ; genetics ; Breast Neoplasms ; genetics ; pathology ; Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast ; genetics ; pathology ; Case-Control Studies ; Estradiol Dehydrogenases ; genetics ; Female ; Gene Frequency ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Genotype ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Risk Factors ; Steroid 17-alpha-Hydroxylase ; genetics

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) are the source of all blood cells, which can differentiate into various hematopoietic hierarchy cells. Physiological level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) plays an important role in regulating functions of HSC as excessive ROS is harmful to HSC. Oxidative reductases and antioxidants can eliminate cellular ROS to maintain ROS homeostasis and thus avoid excessive ROS-caused damages. There are several types of oxidative reductases in cells such as catalase, manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1), thioredoxin reductase 1 (Txrnd1) and Nqo1 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase quinone 1]. However, the functional roles of various oxidative reductases in regulating ROS level in hematopoietic cells remain unclear. This study was to investigate the expression patterns of these oxidative reductases in mouse hematopoietic cells that were sorted out via flow cytometry and to find out important oxidative reductases involving in HSC ROS regulation. The expression of various oxidative reductases was detected by semi-quantitative real-time PCR. The results showed that the expression level of catalase in T cell population was 0.14 times that in LT-HSC population (P < 0.05). The expression levels of MnSOD in CLP population and myeloid cells were 0.56 and 0.47 times that in LT-HSC population respectively (P < 0.05). The expression levels of GPX1 in ST-HSC, GMP, Myeloid cells, MEP, T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes were 1.79, 2.96, 2.07, 0.58, 0.10, 0.6 times that in LT-HSC population respectively (P < 0.05). The expression levels of Txrnd1 in ST-HSC, MPP, CMP, GMP, Myeloid cells, T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes were 3.36, 3.18, 4.19, 6.39, 4.27, 0.016, 0.56 time that in LT-HSC population, respectively (P < 0.05). The expression levels of Nqo1 in ST-HSC, MPP, CMP, GMP, CLP and B cell were 0.30, 0.17, 0.25, 0.10, 0.04, 0.01 times that in LT-HSC population, respectively (P < 0.05). It is concluded that the expression levels of oxidative reductases (catalase, MnSOD, GPX1, Txrnd1 and Nqo1) in hematopoietic hierarchy cells are cell-type specific. It suggests that reductases may play divergent roles in various hematopoietic cell populations. More importantly, the expression level of Nqo1 in LT-HSC population significantly increased as compared with other cell populations, thereby suggesting its unique regulatory role in HSC.
Animals ; Hematopoietic Stem Cells ; enzymology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Myeloid Cells ; enzymology ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Oxidative Stress ; Oxidoreductases ; metabolism ; Reactive Oxygen Species ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo analyze the molecular characteristics and genetic correlations of Vibrio cholerae isolates in Hainan in 2008, so as to provide pathogenic proof to diagnose the plague.

METHODSSeventy six cholera strains were isolated from this cholera epidemic.69 strains were obtained from patients, 7 were isolated from external environment, among which, one was from patient's toilet, one from water sample, three were isolated from fish pond near patient's home, one came from swab of the patient vomit on the ground of health center and one from swab of kitchen knife from Hainan University canteen respectively. With conventional aetiological methods, pulse-field gel electrophoresis was conducted and the patterns of the 76 isolates were analyzed. The PFGE image was analyzed using BioNumerics (Version4.0, Applied Maths BVBA, Belium). Image bands were identified and similarity coefficient was automatically generated.

RESULTSSeventy six strains were isolated from Vibrio cholerae outbreaks in Hainan in 2008.5 PFGE patterns of patient's isolates in June were the same, sharing a similarity coefficient of 100%. 70 PFGE patterns of patients and water in October and November were completely same, the similarity coefficient being 100%. But they were not same as that of June. 1 PFGE pattern of isolate from the sample in Hainan University was different, only sharing a similarity coefficient of 79.7%, which showed no correlation with the outbreak.

CONCLUSIONDifferent outbreaks of Vibrio cholera occurred in Hainan in 2008. The epidemic in October and November at different counties was one outbreak. The pollution of water in environment was an important factor for outbreak.

Bacterial Typing Techniques ; methods ; China ; epidemiology ; Cholera ; epidemiology ; microbiology ; DNA, Bacterial ; Disease Outbreaks ; Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field ; methods ; Humans ; Vibrio cholerae ; classification ; isolation & purification

OBJECTIVETo study the potential risk factors of human infecting with Streptococcus suis.

METHODS1: M matched case-control study was conducted. 29 human cases of Streptococcus suis infection in the early phase were included in the case group, Patients' family members, neighbors and peoples who had worked together with patients to handle deceased or sick pigs in the last week were recruited as matched controls. There were 147 controls in total. Both cases and controls received questionnaire investigation including the ways to contact sick/dead pigs. Conditional logistic regression was employed to analyze matching data.

RESULTSAccording to the results of multivariate analysis, slaughtering (OR = 11.978, 95% CI: 3.355-42.756), carcasses cutting and processing (OR = 3.008, 95% CI: 1.022-8.849) sick/dead pigs were associated with cases related to human Streptococcus suis infection. The attributable risk proportion were 91.65% and 66.76% respectively. The other types of exposures to sick/ dead pigs, including feeding, selling, burying and eating, were not associated with the human Streptococcus suis infection in our study population.

CONCLUSIONSlaughtering, carcasses cutting and processing sick/dead pigs were important risky behavior for humans to be infected by Streptococcus suis.

Adult ; Aged ; Case-Control Studies ; China ; epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Multivariate Analysis ; Occupational Exposure ; adverse effects ; statistics & numerical data ; Risk Factors ; Streptococcal Infections ; epidemiology ; etiology ; microbiology ; Streptococcus suis ; physiology

OBJECTIVETo observe the effect of Dendrobium officinale granule (DOG) on symptoms, blood pressure and serum biochemical indexes of long-term-alcohol-induced hypertension rats.

METHODThe alcohol-induced hypertension rat model was established by feeding alcohol drink to normal rats (the alcohol volume fraction increases from 5% to 22%). Since the 4th week, DOG was administered for 32 weeks, once everyday. During the experiment, body weight, kinematic parameters (locomotor activities, grip strength, duration of vertigo) and blood pressures (systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and mean blood pressure) were detected regularly. On the 28th and 32nd weeks, blood samples were collected to determine serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), uric acid (UA), creatinine (Cr), cholesterol (CH) and triglycerides (TG).

RESULT(1) Sign: The DOG-administered group showed reduction in the duration of vertigo and increase in appetite, body weight, locomotor activities and grip strength. (2) Blood pressure: The DOG-administered group showed significant decrease in blood pressure since the 8th week. (3) Biochemical indexes: The DOG-administered group showed notable decrease in serum ALT, AST, ALP, Cr, UA, TG level, but without significant change in TC level.

CONCLUSIONThe long-term administration of DOG can relieve alcohol-induced hypertension, while alleviating general signs, liver and kidney injuries and abnormal blood fat biochemical indexes.

Animals ; Blood Pressure ; drug effects ; Body Weight ; drug effects ; Cholesterol ; metabolism ; Dendrobium ; chemistry ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; administration & dosage ; Ethanol ; adverse effects ; Humans ; Hypertension ; drug therapy ; etiology ; metabolism ; physiopathology ; Lipid Metabolism ; drug effects ; Male ; Motor Activity ; drug effects ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Triglycerides ; metabolism

OBJECTIVEIn mid-July 2005, five patients presented with septic shock to a hospital in Ziyang city in Sichuan, China, to identify the etiology of the unknown reason disease, an epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory study were conducted.

METHODSAn enhanced surveillance program were established in Sichuan, the following activities were introduced: active case finding in Sichuan of (a) laboratory diagnosed Streptococcus suis infection and (b) clinically diagnosed probable cases with exposure history; supplemented by (c) monitoring reports on meningococcal meningitis. Streptococcus suis serotype 2 infection was confirmed by culture and biochemical reactions, followed by sequencing for specific genes for serotype and virulence factors.

RESULTSFrom June 10 to August 21, 2005, 68 laboratory confirmed cases of human Streptococcus suis infections were reported. All were villagers who gave a history of direct exposure to deceased or sick pigs in their backyards where slaughtering was performed. Twenty six (38%) presented with toxic shock syndrome of which 15 (58%) died. Other presentations were septicaemia or meningitis. All isolates were tested positive for genes for tuf, species-specific 16S rRNA, cps2J, mrp, ef and sly. There were 136 clinically diagnosed probable cases with similar exposure history but incomplete laboratory investigations.

CONCLUSIONAn outbreak of human Streptococcus suis serotype 2 infections occurred in villagers after direct exposure to deceased or sick pigs in Sichuan. Prohibition of slaughtering in backyards brought the outbreak to a halt. A virulent strain of the bacteria is speculated to be in circulation, and is responsible for the unusual presentation of toxic shock syndrome with high case fatality.

Animals ; Bacteremia ; epidemiology ; microbiology ; China ; epidemiology ; Disease Outbreaks ; Humans ; Meningitis, Bacterial ; epidemiology ; microbiology ; Shock, Septic ; epidemiology ; microbiology ; Streptococcal Infections ; epidemiology ; microbiology ; veterinary ; Streptococcus suis ; isolation & purification ; Swine ; Swine Diseases ; microbiology

Hyperlipidemia is a major risk factor for fatty liver, atherosclerosis, hyperviscosily, coronary artery disease and acute myocardial infarction. In recent years, the incidence of hyperlipidemia was gradually increased and showed younger trend. It has been a research hot point to study the etiology and pathogenesis of hyperlipidemia and develop a new drug reduced blood lipid. It is very important to prepare the animal model of hyperlipidemia for displaying the advantage of traditional Chinese medicine characteristic. However, the success of replicating animal model of hyperlipidemia is one of the key of research in experimental hyperlipidemia. The ideal animal model of hyperlipidemia should be similar to human disease, high repeatability, simple and high generalization. It will affect the reliability of the results and the accuracy of the whole experiment process to copy successfully animal models of hyperlipidemia. This review focused on the recent research progress on copying methods of animal models of experimental hyperlipidemia, which will provide reference and basis for the hypolipidemic developers who choose rationally and effectively replication methods of hyperlipidemia animal models.