ObjectiveTo determine whether the inhibition of caveolin-1 tyrosine residues 14 (Cav-1-Y14) phosphorylation with protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors (PP2) will upregulate heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) activity to protect against ventilation induced lung injury in vivo of an animal model.Methods Fifty-four male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into nine groups (eachn = 6). Group A served as normal control group, in which rats did not receive ventilation but tracheotomy. Groups B1 and B2 received lung protective ventilation respectively for 1 hour or 2 hours. Groups C1 and C2 received high tidal volume (40 mL/kg) ventilation for 1 hour or 2 hours, respectively. The group D1 or D2 also received high tidal volume ventilation for 1 hour or 2 hour respectively, but they were given PP2 1 hour before high tidal volume ventilation. The groups E1 and E2 also received high tidal volume ventilation respectively for 1 hour or 2 hours, but tyrosine kinase inhibitor PP2 and HO-1 inhibitor zinc protoporphyrinⅨ(ZnPPⅨ) were given to animals 18 hours before high tidal volume ventilation. All the animals were sacrificed after ventilation, and the specimens of lung tissues and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were harvested. Then the changes in pathology of lung tissue was observed, and diffuse alveolar damage scores (DAD) were calculated, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity was measured by colorimetric analysis, lung wet/dry ratio (W/D) was estimated. The expressions of phosphorylated caveolin-1 (P-Cav-1-Y14), caveolin-1 (Cav-1) and HO-1 were determined by Western Blot. The expressions of high mobility group B1 (HMGB1) and advanced glycation end product receptor (RAGE) in lung tissues were assayed with immunohistochemistry staining. The levels of tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) in BALF were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).Results There was no significant difference in all the parameters between group A and groups B. Compared with group B1, DAD score, W/D ratio, the activity of MPO and the concentration of TNF-α in BALF in group C1 were significantly increased [DAD score:7.97±0.59 vs. 0.55±0.13, W/D ratio: 5.70±1.61 vs. 5.04±0.63, MPO (U/g): 1.82±0.14 vs. 0.77±0.26, TNF-α(ng/L): 370.10±29.61 vs. 54.38±8.18, allP< 0.05], and the injury in ventilation 2 hours group was more serious than that in ventilation 1 hour group. Compared with groups C, all the parameters in groups D were significantly decreased. The parameters in groups E were significantly higher than those in groups A, B, and D, but no significant difference was found as compared with groups C. Compared with groups B, the protein expressions of Cav-1 and P-Cav-1-Y14 (gray value) in groups C were significantly increased (1 hour: 1.49±0.02 vs. 1.26±0.13, 1.34±0.02 vs. 0.87±0.04;2 hours: 1.58±0.02 vs. 1.27±0.27, 1.31±0.01 vs. 0.95±0.02, allP< 0.05), and the expression of HO-1 protein (gray value) was significantly decreased (1 hour: 0.59±0.02 vs. 1.10±0.01, 2 hours: 0.49±0.01 vs. 1.20±0.02, both P< 0.05). No significant difference in Cav-1 protein expression between groups D as well as groups E and groups C. The protein expression of P-Cav-1-Y14 in groups D and E was significantly lower than that in groups C. The protein expression of HO-1 in groups D was significantly higher than that in groups C, but the phenomenon was not found in groups E as compared with groups C. Compared with group A, the positive expression of HMGB1 and RAGE in lung tissue in groups C and E was significantly increased, but no significant difference was found between groups B as well as groups D and group A.Conclusion Cav-1-Y14 phosphorylation is the key factor for ventilator induced lung injury, which can not only lead to a decrease in vascular barrier function, but also inhibit the activity of HO-1 enzyme, thus further aggravates inflammatory injury of the lung as induced by mechanical ventilation.

Objective To determine whether the inhibition of paxillin tyrosine residues 31 and tyrosine residues 118 (Pxn Y31 and Pxn Y118) phosphorylation via inhibition of c-Abl kinase will effectively block its downstream effector molecules vessel endothelium-cadherin (VE-cad), and whether Rho/Rho kinase activation which will induce the vascular barrier dysfunction. Methods Ninety healthy male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into nine groups (each n =10). Only tracheotomy was undergone in the sham group. Groups of protective ventilation were set at a volume tidal (VT) of 6 mL/kg, a positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) of 5 cmH2O (1 cmH2O =0.098 kPa) for 1 hour or 2 hours (namely group PVT 1 h and group PVT 2 h), respectively. Groups of high VT were put on mechanical ventilation (MV) at high VT 30 mL/kg, PEEP 0 for 1 hour or 2 hours (namely group HVT 1 h and group HVT 2 h), respectively. Groups UO126 and AG957 pretreatment were set on MV at HVT for 1 hour or 2 hour respectively, but they were given p42/44 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p42/44MAPK) inhibitor UO1261 mg/kg by intraperitoneal injection or c-Abl kinase inhibitor AG95710 mL/kg by intragastric injection 1 hour before HVT ventilation. All the animals were sacrificed after experiments and specimens of lung tissues and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were harvested. Pulmonary vascular permeability was measured by Evans blue (EB). The levels of tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) in BALF were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Then the change of lung tissue pathology was observed with light microscope, diffuse alveolar damage system (DAD) score and lung wet/dry ratio (W/D) were estimated. The myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity was measured by colorimetric analysis, phosphorylations of c-Abl Y245, Pxn Y31, Pxn Y118, VE-cad Y658, p42/44MAPK Y202/Y204, myosin light chain (MLC) and myosin-associated phosphatasetype Y696 (MYPT Y696) were determined by Western Blot. Results ① There were no obvious pathological changes in the lung tissue in the sham group and PVT 1 h or 2 h group, and also there were no significant differences in all the parameters between above groups. However, the injury in lung tissue was severe in the HVT groups. In addition, DAD score, lung W/D ratio, EB content, the activity of MPO, and TNF-α in BALF in HVT groups were significantly higher than those in sham group and PVT groups. After pretreatment with AG957 or UO126, all the parameters were significantly decreased as compared with those of groups HVT. ② The levels of phosphorylation of the proteins in lung tissue in HVT groups were increased as compared with those of group sham and groups PVT, especially at 2 hours of MV. However, compared with groups HVT, the level of p-VE-cad Y658 in lung tissue decreased significantly in group AG957 and group UO126 at 2 hours after HVT. However, the levels of all phosphorylated proteins at 2 hours were significantly lowered in the AG957 group compared with those of the HVT group [p-c-Abl Y245 (gray value): 0.29±0.04 vs. 0.42±0.04, p-Pxn Y31 (gray value): 0.51±0.03 vs. 0.70±0.05, p-Pxn Y118 (gray value):0.65±0.04 vs. 0.91±0.04, p-VE-cad Y658 (gray value): 0.77±0.07 vs. 1.32±0.07, p-p42/44MAPK Y202/Y204 (gray value): 0.38±0.06 vs. 0.61±0.03, p-MLC (gray value): 0.37±0.04 vs. 0.77±0.05, p-MYPT Y696 (gray value):0.54±0.05 vs. 0.87±0.06, all P < 0.05]. After pretreatment with UO126, the phosphorylation level of VE-cad in lung tissue at 2 hours was significantly lower than that of HVT group (gray value: 0.74±0.04 vs. 1.32±0.07), and the phosphorylation levels of p42/44MAPK and its downstream effector molecules MLC and MYPT Y696 were also significantly decreased [p-p42/44MAPK Y202/Y204 (gray value): 0.38±0.07 vs. 0.61±0.03, p-MLC (gray value):0.37±0.04 vs. 0.77±0.05, p-MYPT Y696 (gray value): 0.55±0.05 vs. 0.87±0.06, all P < 0.05]. Conclusions Pxn Y31 and Pxn Y118 phosphorylation could be blocked by inhibition of c-Abl kinase, which could strengthen VE-cad at attachment junction and might block formation of Pxn-guanine nucleotide-exchange factor H1 (GEF-H1)-p44/42MAPK signalosome which induce activation local Rho signaling, lead to activation of MLC phosphorylation, actomyosin contraction, and increase endothelial permeability.

Objective To investigate whether the inhibition of caveolin-1 (Cav-1) phosphorylation will regulate effectively nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2) signal pathway and downstream effector molecules and protest against ventilation induced lung injury (VILI) in an animal model in vivo. Methods Ninety male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into nine groups (each n = 10): sham group in which rats did not receive ventilation but received tracheotomy; lung protective ventilation (PV) for 1 hour or 2 hours group; mechanical ventilation (MV) at high volume tidal (VT, 40 mL/kg) for 1 hour or 2 hours group; protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor PP2 or rosiglitazone (Rsg) pretreatment + high VT ventilation for 1 hour or 2 hours groups. The two pretreatment groups were given intraperitoneal injection PP2 15 mg/kg or intragastric administration of Rsg 5 mg/kg 1 hour before ventilation respectively. The rats were sacrificed after model reproduction, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was collected. Pulmonary vascular permeability was measured by Evans blue (EB). The levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), activator protein-1 (AP-1), nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), and interleukin-8 (IL-8) in BALF were determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Then the lung tissues were collected, the lung wet/dry ratio (W/D) was calculated, the changes in pathology was observed with light microscope, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity was determined by colorimetric analysis. Nrf2 mRNA was determined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The expressions of Cav-1 tyrosine residues 14 phosphorylation (pCav-1-Y14), Cav-1, peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and claudin-5 as well as Nrf2 in cytoplasm and nucleus were determined by Western Blot. The positive expressions of PPARγ and claudin-5 in lung tissues were assayed with immunohistochemistry staining. Results There were no obvious pathological changes in the lung tissue in sham group and PV groups, and there were no significant differences in all the parameters between the two groups either. However, the injury in lung tissue was severe in the high VT groups in which W/D ratio, EB contents, MPO activity, and TNF-α, AP-1, IL-8, NF-κB levels in BALF as well as the protein expressions of Cav-1 and pCav-1-Y14 were significantly higher than those of sham group and PV groups, and the protein expressions of PPARγ and claudin-5 were significant lower than those of sham group and PV groups with a dose-dependent manner; but Nrf2 expressions in cytoplasm and nucleus did not show a statistical increase. After pretreatment of PP2 or Rsg, W/D ratio, MPO activity, EB contents, TNF-α, AP-1, IL-8, and NF-κB in BALF were significantly decreased as compared with those of high VT group, and RT-PCR showed significant up-regulation of Nrf2 mRNA in lung tissues too. Moreover, there was a statistically significant increase in expressed Nrf2 proteins in nucleus in PP2 or Rsg groups as compared with those of high VT groups [Nrf2 in nucleus (gray value): 0.61±0.06, 0.56±0.06 vs. 0.31±0.02 at 1 hour, 0.38±0.06, 0.43±0.07 vs. 0.22±0.03 at 2 hours; all P < 0.05], but no significant difference was found in the expression of Nrf2 protein in the cytoplasm among all groups. The protein expressions of pCav-1-Y14 in PP2 pretreatment groups were significantly lower than those of high VT groups (gray value: 0.89±0.04 vs. 1.48±0.02 at 1 hour, 0.86±0.02 vs. 1.31±0.01 at 2 hours; both P < 0.05); but expressed PPARγ proteins and expressed claudin-5 proteins in PP2 or Rsg pretreatment groups were significantly higher than those of high VT groups [PPARγ (gray value): 0.34±0.07, 0.42±0.13 vs. 0.17±0.07 at 1 hour, 0.38±0.09, 0.33±0.07 vs. 0.16±0.03 at 2 hours; claudin-5 (gray value): 0.33±0.05, 0.38±0.07 vs. 0.14±0.03 at 1 hour; 0.30±0.06, 0.31±0.04 vs. 0.17±0.04 at 2 hours; all P < 0.05]. Conclusions The inhibition of Cav-1-Y14 phosphorylation can increase the expression of Nrf2 in the nucleus, then result in an increase in the protein expressions of PPARγ and claudin-5 of its effector molecules. This effect can reduce the inflammation and capillary permeability of lung tissue in the model of VILI.

Objective To understand the epidemiological and etiological characteristics of influenza in Mianyang City from 2019 to 2021, so as to provide a basis for the prevention and control of influenza. Methods Influenza surveillance data in Mianyang City from 2019 to 2021 were collected and analyzed statistically. Results A total of 55 970 cases of influenza were reported in Mianyang City from 2019 to 2021, with an average annual incidence of 388.08/100 000. A total of 103 723 cases of influenza -like illness cases (ILI) were reported, with an average annual ILI% of 3.58%. The incidence, ILI% , and positive detection rates of influenza were all far higher than those in the corresponding period in 2019. The classification of the population is mainly composed of students under the age of 15. The top three reported cases were Fucheng District (20 118, 35.94%), Youxian District (6 394, 11.42%) and Jiangyou District (5 800, 10.36%). 10 126 samples of ILI were received and detected, with a positive rate of 19.53%, the positive rate of ILI samples was mainly students under 15 years old. The dominant strains of influenza viruses showed an alternating trend over the years, and A (H3) was the predominant type in 2019. Except for 2 A (H9) strains detected in 2021, the rest were all BV strains. Due to the impact of COVID-19 in 2020, the positive detection rate was low throughout the year. 43 outbreaks of ILI were reported, which were mainly occurred in winter, and most of them were in primary schools. Conclusion From 2019 to 2021, the characteristics of cases, ILI, pathogen surveillance and outbreak events of influenza in Mianyang City are basically the same, with students under 15 years of age and schools remaining the key population and sites of concern. the importance of non-pharmaceutical interventions for influenza prevention and control is further evidenced by the low incidence of influenza during the COVID-19 pandemic.

BackgroundIdiopathic epiretinal membranes(ERMs) is a common eye disease condition that leads to progressive decline of visual acuity. Studying the risk factors relating to this disease will shed light on its pathogenesis and allow opthalmologists to screen the affected individuals among the high-risk population and prepare for prevention and management strategies. ObjectiveThis survey was to investigate the risk factors of idiopathic ERMs in the population undergoing routine health check-ups. MethodsThe clinical data of idiopathic ERMs was obtained from the population of routine health check-ups in Peking Union Medical College Hospital from November 2009 to October 2010. The examination outcomes were compared between the individuals with and without idiopathic ERMs. The demographic and clinical factors associated with idiopathic ERMs were analyzed and assessed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. Result A total of 27 400 people were included in the survey and idiopathic ERMs were diagnosed in 76 cases. No obvious eye complaint was obtained from the idiopathic ERMs. The number of people affected with idiopathic ERMs was 12 ( 12/11 659 ) in the below 40 years group, 21 (21/4595) in the 51-60 years group and 32 (32/2544) in the over 60 years group. Hypertension, diabetes, diedyslipidemia, renal function insufficiency ,and cataract were found in 42％ ,5％ ,66％ ,6％ and 8％ of the patients, respectively. The univariate logistic regression analyses revealed that significant correlations were found between age,hypertension,hyperlipidemia and history of cataract( P＜0. 01 ). Multivariate regression models showed that the risk of idiopathic ERMs increased in age of 51-60( OR=2. 5,95％ CI:1. 2-5.4,P=0.02) and over 60 years( OR =7.3,95％ CI:3.4-15.6 ,P＜0.01 ) and patients suffering from hyperlipidemia ( OR--2. 1,95％ CI:1. 3-3.5, P＜0. 01 ). ConclusionsOver the age of 50 years and hyperlipidemia are primary risk factors of idiopathic ERM.

Objective To explore the therapeutic effect of electroencephalograph(EEG)biofeedback on clinical symptoms and cognitive function of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD).Methods Twenty children aged(10.4?2.2)years old who were diagnosed as ADHD according to American Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of mental disorders the 4th ed received EEG biofeedback treatment.The treatment was administered by Autogenic A620 machine,? wave(4-8 Hz)was suppressed and sensory motor rate wave was strengthened(12-15 Hz)at the same time.The treatment was total 40 times.Before and after treatment,Conner's Behavior Rating Scale-parent questionnaire was administered to assess the clinical symptoms,wechsler memory scale(WMS)to assess the long-term memory,short-term memory and instantaneous memory,number cancellation test and stroop test were used to assess the cognitive process speed and selective attention,and continuous performance test(CPT)was administered to assess the attention and impulsiveness.The children in healthy control group who compared with ADHD children by one to one came from the primary or middle school near the hospital,the age difference between ADHD child and healthy control group was within 6 months.All the measurements were administered to the healthy control group.Results After the EEG biofeedback treatment,the score of behavior factor in Conners Scale decreased significantly(P0.05).Conclusions Forty sessions EEG biofeedback can improve clinical symptoms,attention,memory,selective attention and cognitive process speed of ADHD children significantly,some indicators even become normal.

Objective To separate and amplify Hantaan virus(HV)in serum of hemorrhagic fever patients with renal syndrome(HFRS)in Heilongjiang,and look for its difference from intemational standard type strain(76-118strains).Methods HVs of different phase in the 8erum of 50 HFRS patients were separated and amplified by RTnested-PCR,its products were analyzed the amplified by sequencing.Results Detectable rate of HV in the patients serum was 36.36%(8/22)in 7 days after onset,it Was 13.04%(3/23)in patients having an onset 8 days to 14 days earlier,5 cases were not detectable 15 days after onset.Comparing the sequence of HV S gene fragment,sample 1,9,18,31,37,38,44 strain had a homology of 90.24%,86.72%,89.97%,89.16%,86.45%,87.26%and 89.43%to 76-118 strains,respectively.Conclusions The positive rate is the highset in 7 days after onset.Nucleotide sequence difference exists between pathogenic strain of Heilongjiang's HV and international standard strain,indicating that not only hosts but also locations can affect HV.

Currently available monotherapies of oral nucleoside/nucleotide analogs or interferon are unable to achieve a sustained and effective response in most of patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB). The objective of the present study was to compare the efficacy and safety of pegylated interferon (Peg-IFN) alpha-2b plus adefovir dipivoxil combination therapy versus Peg-IFN alpha-2b alone. Sixty-one HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B patients were randomized to receive Peg-IFN alpha-2b alone (1.5 μg/kg once weekly) or Peg-IFN alpha-2b plus adefovir (10 mg daily) for up to 52 weeks. Efficacy and safety analyses were performed on all participants who received at least one dose of study medication. The rate of HBeAg seroconversion and undetectable HBV-DNA were evaluated after 52 weeks of therapy. At the end of treatment, 11 of 30 (36.7%) patients receiving combination therapy achieved HBeAg seroconversion versus 8 of 31 (25.8%) in the monotherapy group (P=0.36). In contrast, the percentage of patients with undetectable serum HBV DNA was significantly higher in the combination group than in the monotherapy group (76.7% vs. 29.0%, P<0.001). Thyroid dysfunction was more frequent in the combination group than in the monotherapy group (P<0.05). In HBeAg-positive CHB, combination of Peg-IFN alpha-2b and adefovir for 52 weeks resulted, at the end of treatment, in a higher virological response but without significant impact on the rate of HBeAg seroconversion and possibly an adverse effect on thyroid function.

This study aimed to explore the impact of depression caused by chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) on in vivo activity of six kinds of CYP450 isoforms in rats. According to 'Katz' method, the model of CUMS was established. Tolbutamide, chlorzoxazone, theophylline, midazolam, omeprazole and dextromethorphan were chosen as probe substrates of CYP2C6, CYP2E1, CYP1A2, CYP3A2, CYP2D1 and CYP2D2 of rats. Plasma concentration of six kinds of CYP450 in control group and model group were determined by LC-MS/MS and computed pharmacokinetic parameters. Consequently, metabolism of theophylline and chlorzoxazone accelerated significantly (P < 0.01), but tolbutamide, dextromethorphan, omeprazole and midazolam had no significant difference. The present study proved that depression caused by CUMS had strong induction to CYP1A2 and medium induction to CYP2E1.
Animals ; Chlorzoxazone ; metabolism ; Chromatography, Liquid ; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System ; metabolism ; Depression ; Dextromethorphan ; metabolism ; Liver ; enzymology ; Midazolam ; metabolism ; Omeprazole ; metabolism ; Rats ; Stress, Physiological ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry ; Theophylline ; metabolism ; Tolbutamide ; metabolism

Myeloid differentiation factor MyD88 is a critical adaptor molecule that integrates and transduces intracellular signals in inducing the differentiation of dendritic cells (DCs).The domain regions within MyD88 was searched,it could potentially affect the function of dendritic cells and found that MyD88 aa155-171 motif not only regulate the activity of transcription factor NF-?B, but also control the production of cytokines and expression of costimulatory molecules. Indeed, aa155-171 motif deleted type MyD88 (MyD88155-171) transfected RAW264.7 cells exhibited the reduced NF-?B and AP-1 activity and interrupted the expression of CD86 and B7H1. Meanwhile, lower level expression of cytokines such as IL-12,IFN-? were also observed by means of cytokine array in MyD88-/-DC trasfected with MyD88155-171 as compared to the MyD88 transfected cells. Thus, aa155-171 motif inside MyD88 could affect the expression of costimulatory molecules, production of cytokines and transduction of Toll like receptor signal pathway, suggesting that this motif may play an important role in regulating responses of innate immune system.