Abstract: TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway has a wide range of biological activities and plays an important roles in regulating cell growth, adhesion, differentiation, cell dynamic balance, and immune responses. The higher activity of TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway may promote scar formation, organ fibrosis, immunosuppression, and late-stage cancer progression, while low activity may lead to inflammation, dysplasia, poor healing and oncogenesis. The function of the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway is extremely complex and can exhibit inhibitory or enhancing effects on immunity and inflammation under different circumstances, but immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory effects are dominant. During HIV infection, the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway interacts with HIV in a complex manner as HIV proteins tat and gp120 can induce TGF-β expression. Meanwhile, this signaling pathway may also play a role in HIV infection and replication, latent virus reservoir, host immune deficiency and HIV-related inflammation. It is worth noting that even though TGF-β, which mainly exhibits anti-inflammatory effects, is induced by HIV, high levels of TGF-β do not seem to inhibit HIV-related inflammation. So far, the relationship between TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway and HIV infection has not been elucidated, and its role and mechanism in HIV infection and related illnesses need further exploration and validation. This review summarizes the relevant research progress on the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway and HIV infection, and provides a reference for further understanding of HIV pathogenesis and exploring strategies of AIDS treatment.

Objective·To analyze clinical and pathological characteristics of gastric malignancies from a single center of Ruijin Hospital,and provide references for making healthy policy on gastric tumors.Methods·The data sources were from hospital in-patients database including demographic information,family history,clinicopathological information,and census registering information during 2005 to 2014.The demographic data and clinicopathological data were analyzed.Results·The total number was 3 315 cases with gastric malignancies (2 184 male patients and 1 131 female patients).It was about 2 times as high in males as in females.The patient age was between 18 to 98 years old (mean 59.71 years old).Based on pathologic diagnosis,3 122 cases (94.2％) were gastric adenocarcinoma,others were gastrointestinal stromal tumors (5.5％),neuroendocrine tumor (0.2％) and malignant lymphoma (0.1％).Out of patients with gastric carcinoma,about 4.46％ of cases ran in families.Conclusion·Over 94％ cases of gastric malignancies are gastric carcinomas.Specific risk profiles of gastric carcinomas include age,gender and family factors.

Objective To explore the clinical characteristics of cardiac involvement in children with mitochondriopathies.Methods The clinical data of 23 children with mitochondriopathies were reviewed.The changes of electrocardiography,echocardiography and heart enzymes were analyzed.Results In 15 cases of mitochondrial encephalomyopathy,lactic acidosis,and stroke-like episode(MELAS syndrome),electrocardiography was performed on 9 cases,6 of them showed abnormal electrocardiographic findings,including right bundle branch block,ST-T change,Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome,et al.On echocardiographic examination in 9 MELAS syndrome ca-ses,only 1 case showed hypertrophy cardiomyopathy.Six cases had increased plasma creatine kinaseMB(CK-MB) mass and only one of 12 MELAS syndrome cases had increased cardiac troponin I(cTnI) level.In 8 cases of subacute necrotizing encephalomyopathy(Leigh syndrome),electrocardiography was performed on 5 cases,4 of them showed abnormal electrocardiographic findings,including sinus tachycardia,ST-T change and low voltage.Two cases showed normal electrocardiography.Three out of 6 cases with Leigh syndrome showed increased plasma CK-MB mass.The molecular genetic examinations were performed in 13 cases of MELAS syndrome and 6 cases of Leigh syndrome.The mitochondrial DNA nt 3243 A→G mutation was found in white blood cells of 9 MELAS syndrome cases,the mutation rate being 37%-60%.The mitochondrial DNA nt 8993 T→C mutation was found in white blood cells of 2 Leigh syndrome cases.Conclusion In children with mitochondriopathies,myocardiac involvement is comparatively common,and even cardiomyopathy can occur.

In order to cultivate clinical pharmacy undergraduates to have better quality, Chongqing Medical University collaborated with The University of Chicago and University of Cincinnati in the reform of the course of pharmacotherapeutics. We build pharmacotherapeutics series curriculum with the center of disease, construct department of clinical pharmacy for transnational departments, build course leader and teaching team of pharmacotherapeutics series curriculum , compile teaching program and its material of pharmacotherapeutics series curriculum, build pharmacotherapeutics series curriculum and teaching model in line with the current direction of China's education system of clinical pharmacy training, reform teaching methods, and strengthen clinical pharmacy practice and community clinical pharmacy education.

Objective To investigate the expression of CXCR4 in cultured human dental pulp cells (HDPC) in vitro and the corresponding ligand SDF-1α level of HDPC supernatants stimulated by lipopolysaccharide(LPS)and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),and to explore the role of SDF-1αon the proliferation and the migration of HDPC.Methods The expression of CXCR4 in HDPC was detected by immunocytochemistry technique and indirect immunofluorescence technique.The culture supernatants of HDPC were collected after HDPC had been simulated by LPS and TNF-α of difierent concentrations for 48h and then the SDF-1α level was assayed by quantitative sandwich ELISA.Meanwhile,the effects of recombinant human SDF-1α(rhSDF-1α)on the proliferation and the migration of HDPC at different concentrations were observed by MTT and Boyden Chamber Assay.Results CXCR4 was expressed in cytomembrane of HDPC and SDF-1α was secreted into their normal cell supematants with a concentration of(4513.55±962.92)ng/L. The secretion of SDF-1α was both significantly decreased by stimulation with LPS and TNF-α(P＜0.05).In addition,rhSDF-1α stimulated the HDPC proliferation at the concentrations of 50,100,200μg/L(P＜0.01)and increased the chemotactic migration of HDPC significantly after 9h's incubation with the concentrations of 50,100μg/L(P＜0.05).Conclusions SDF-1α accelerated the proliferation and the migration of HDPC which expressed CXCR4.SDF-1-CXCR4 axis may play a role in repair of pulp injury.

Objective To assess the absorbance rate of the fat after the operation of breast augmentation of the repeated injection of low volume, using ultrasonic imaging method. Methods Thirty three patients were injected with low volume of autologous fat (50-60 ml per time) to bilateral breasts for 1-5 times and breast sonographic examination was performed to evaluate the grafted fat tissues. The thickness of the retromammary fat layer before and after each injection was measured to calculate the absorbance index. Results The 264 points of breast were measured in this study. The fat was distributed in the retro-mammary fat layers at 224 points of the breast and in the pectoralis major muscle layer at 32 points of the breast, and the others distributed in the mammary gland layer.The average thickness of the retromammary fat layer increased gradually from 0.2 cm before the first operation to 1. 0 cm after the fifth operation. The average absorbance index one month after each operation was 34 %-66 %. Conclusion The present study demonstrates that breast augmentation by repeated autologous fat graft with low volume injection at each time is applicable and satisfactory and that breast ultrasound is an accurate and simple method to e-valuate the absorbance index.

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of Klebsiella pneumoniae car-bapenemase(KPC)-producing Escherichia coli(E. coli)strains isolated in Hangzhou,China. Methods A total of 25 KPC-producing Escherichia coli strains were collected from four hospitals in Hangzhou from July 2012 to January 2014. Antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates to 22 common antimicrobial agents was deter-mined by using Kirby-Bauer(K-B)disk diffusion method. PCR analysis and gene sequencing were used for bla KPC gene screening. The modified Hodge test was performed to detect the production of carbapenemase. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis(PFGE)and multi-locus sequence typing(MLST)were used for homology analysis. Results All of the 25 clinical isolates were confirmed to be KPC-producing E. coli strains,harbo-ring the blaKPC-2 gene. These KPC-producing isolates showed high drug resistance rates and were resistant to almost all β-lactam antibiotics. PFGE typing classified the 25 isolates into three main homologous clone groups,including clone group A(4 isolates),clone group B(5 isolates)and clone group C(2 isolates), and some single clones(14 isolates). MLST typing classified the isolates into eight ST types,including ST131(14 isolates),ST167(3 isolates),ST2003(3 isolates),ST410(1 isolate),ST457(1 isolate), ST1463(1 isolate),STnew1(1 isolate)and STnew2(1 isolate). The typing results of PFGE and MLST were consistent with each other. Conclusion The prevalent KPC-producing E. coli strains in Hangzhou, China were ST131 type,which were resistant to multiple antibiotics and had been detected in several hospi-tals. The epidemic of KPC-producing E. coli strain often occurred at some special wards,such as Intensive Care Unit(ICU)and emergency ICU.

Objective To investigate the effects of miR-10a expression on migration and invasion of human pancreatic cancer cells AsPC-1.Methods Small interfering RNA targeting at miR-10a (miR-10a-siRNA) was constructed,then it was transfected into pancreatic cancer AsPC-1 cells,and nonsense siRNA (Nc-siRNA) group and blank control group was established.Real time PCR assay was used to detect the expression of miR-10a in the 3 groups,and wound healing assay and Transwell assay were used to determine the migration and invasion abilities of cancer cells.The amount of matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13) in supernatant of cancer cell culture of each group was examined by ELISA assay.Results The miR-10a levels in control group,NC-siRNA group and miR-10a-siRNA group were 1.05 ±0.08,1.03 ±0.06,0.02 ±0.01 ; and the number of transmembrane cell were (150 ± 2.6),(145 ± 2.2),(62 ± 1.8),the levels of MMP-13 in the supernatant were (108.5 ± 2.8),(107.8 ± 2.5),(35.8 ± 1.5) pg/ml.The values were significantly lower in miR-10a-siRNA group than those in control group and NC-siRNA group (P ＜ 0.01).The distance of cultured clone in miR-10a treated cancer cells (736± 18 μm) was significantly longer than those in the controls (385 ±5 μm) and NC-siRNA group (395± 13 μm,P＜0.01).Conclusions Down-regulation of miR-10a by siRNA may inhibit migration and invasion of pancreatic cancer AsPC-1 cells,and the downregulated expression of MMP-13 may be one of the important mechanisms.

Objective To evaluate roles of color doppler echocardiography(CDE)and angiocardiography(ANGI)in diagnosis of children's combined with congenital heart diseases(CHD).Methods From Jan.2006 to Jun.2008,31 children with combined with CHD underwent not only CDE but also ANGI.Of those,18 cases were subjected to surgical operation.Main diagnosis and concomitant cardiovascular malformations derived from CDE and ANGI,operative findings as well,were compared.Results In 18 cases undergoing surgery,diagnosis of 15(83.33%)cases from CDE and 17(94.44%)cases from ANGI were in line with the operative findings.Of intracardiac malformations,diffe-rences between CDE and ANGI were:CDE diagnosed 1 case with pulmonary atresia /ventricular septal defect(PA/VSD)as persistent truncus arteriosus(PTA),2 cases with tetralogy of Fallot(TOF)as PA/VSD by mistake,and 1 case with partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection(PAPVC)was suspected by CDE but missed by ANGI,all above mentioned confirmed by sugery;except main diagnosis,CDE missed atrial septal defect(ASD),anomalous origin of right coronary artery and single left coronary for 1 case,respectively.In diagnosing extracardiac abnormal structures:1 case of interrupted aortic arch(IAA)was suspected by CDE but diagnosed and classified by ANGI;for double aortic arch(DAA),pulmonary arteriovenous fistula(PAVF),patent ductus arteriosus(PDA)and absence of right pulmonary artery,1 case of each was missed by CDE;furthermore PDA reported by CDE but not found by ANGI in 4 cases with PA/VSD.Conclusions The diagnostic difference between CDE and ANGI mainly lies in extracardiac malformations including coronary arteries.In diagnosing combined CHD,combination of CDE and ANGI can improve accurate rate.J Appl Clin Pediatr,2009,24(1):44-45

Objective To apply iTRAQ technology to observe changes in protein expression group in the process of inducing C2C12 cells differentiation towards osteoblast by BMP-2.Methods The myoblast C2C12 cells were seeded in BMP-2 induced differentiation system for differentiation induction.In the 7th day,differentiation protein was extracted and labeled with iTRAQ reagent.Then,mass spectrometric detection,data analysis of differentially expressed proteins,and analysis of biological information were carried out.Results 23 significantly differentially expressed protein spots were screened by BMP-2-induced myoblast C2C12 differentiated cell protein expression profile analysis,where the protein was labeled with iTRAQ reagent.8 protein points were up-regulated,and 15 protein points were down-regulated.Trend classification found that the above differential protein had differential expression in each period of C2C12 cell osteogenic differentiation (1-7 days).Part of up-regulated protein in the early differentiation period showed high expression level;part of up-regulated protein in the late differentiation period showed high expression level;similarly,part of down-regulated protein in the early differentiation period presented low expression level;part of down-regulated protein in the late differentiation period showed low expression level.Preliminary identification showed SERCA3,Cytochrome bS,S100A4,ATPase inhibitor and ATPIF1 presented dynamic changes,which suggests that these proteins may be related to inducing osteogenic differentiation mechanism.Conclusion The results of differential protein expression trend show the necessity of full monitoring of C2C 12 cells osteogenic differentiation and indicate that iTRAQ technology is an effective method of studying protein changes of cellular molecule.Five proteins including SERCA3,Cytochrome b5,S100A4,ATPase inhibitor and ATPIF1 can be used as candidate targets for osteogenic differentiation mechanism research.