OBJECTIVE:To investigate the rule for circulation system structure of drug market,and to analyze drug circulation costs.METHODS:The rules for macrostructure and microstructure of drug circulation were analyzed.The quantitative conception of circulation links(y),circulation extents(n),last nodes(m) and transaction relations were introduced and their relationship were investigate using mathematic model.The proportions of transaction relation in various sections were adopted to analyze circulation cost.RESULTS:There were rules for macrostructure and microstructure of drug circulation.The microstructure showed as a dendrogram circulation structure.Last nodes(m) and circulation extents(n) determinated circulation links(y),relationship between them was y=lnm/lnn.The proprotion of transaction relations in the last link was much higher than in the middle links.CONCLUTIONS:According to the mathematic model,transaction relations mainly concentrate in the last link.As a result it is not possible for us to cut down the quantity of transaction relations and the circulation costs through compaction of the middle links.

OBJECTIVE:To reveal the relationship between mark-up rate and false high price of drug and to study the formation mechanism of drug brokerage.METHODS:Based on the concrete condition,the ratio of circulation costs to production costs was analyzed with mathematical technology to establish price curve equation.The price base line and the formation mechanism of drug brokerage at condition of mark-up rate were analyzed.RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS:If the circulation costs had no elasticity and mark-up rate(?) was less than the ratio of circulation cost to production cost,there were three kinds of results:if price was determined according to the rule,drug had withdrawn from the market in view of unbalance of the circulation costs;false production costs induced the false high price of drug;brokerage of drugs were conducted.Theoretically the less the value of ? makes,the more false high price and brokerage of drug are.

Objective To develop and verify a reporter gene assay(RGA) for the detection of biological activity of human growth hormone(hGH).Methods The biological activity of hGH was evaluated by the expression of luciferase(Luc)activated by hGH binding to hGH receptor(hGHR) on HEK293/GH-Luc cell membrane.The developed detection conditions were as follows:the initial concentration of sample was 1 μg/mL;the cell inoculation amount was(2.45～2.66) × 10~4 cells/well;the sample was of 3-fold serial dilution,with a total of 8 dilutions and the incubation time was 18～24 h.The relative biological activity of the sample was calculated by measuring Luc intensity and comparing it with the national standard by four-parameter fitting.The developed method was verified for specificity,repeatability,intermediate precision,relative accuracy,linear range and durability.Results The excipient components in product and the serum components in culture medium showed no effect on the activity detection results;The geometric coefficient of variation(GCV) of relative titer of one batch of samples in six repeated detections was 6.794%,much lower than 20%.The relative titer GCV detected by two experimenters in different batches of samples at different times were both lower than 20%;The relative deviations of the relative titer determination values of samples at different concentrations were within ±12%,the slope of linear regression equation was 0.982,the linear range was 0.6～1.6 μg/mL,and the coefficient of determination(R~2) was 0.997;The GCV of three batches of stock solutions and one batch of finished products were 4.758%,4.430%,7.294% and 2.771% respectively under the conditions of different cell generation,cell density and sampling location,all of which were less than 20%.Conclusion The developed RGA showed good specificity,repeatability,intermediate precision,relative accuracy,linear range and durability,which met the application requirements and was expected to replace the traditional in vivo biological activity detection methods for the activity evaluation and quality control of hGH.

Objective To explore the clinical value of IgE and IL-5 in diagnosis of mycoplasma pneumoniae children with bronchial asthma.Methods 40 mycoplasma pneumoniae infection children complicated with bronchial asthma were chosen as the observation group,the other 40 mycoplasma pneumoniae infection children without bronchial asthma were selected as the control group.All children were admitted to hospital,the next morning fasting blood was obtained to detect IgE and IL-5 levels.Results The serum total IgE level of observation group was (335.74 ±38.84) IU/ml,the level of IL-5 was (311.86 ± 35.28) ng/L,which were significantly higher than control group (P ＜0.05).Binary Logistic regression analysis showed that,serum IgE level and IL-5 level had statistically significant difference (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in children with bronchial asthma,the IgE and IL-5 levels increased more obviously,and the levels of serum IgE and IL-5 were important risk factors of onset of children with Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection combined bronchial asthma.

[Objective] To sum up pro. Lu Binjiu's unique thought and experience in treating alcoholic liver disease with Fructus Broussonetiae and Turnju-jube in coordination. [Method] By introducing the functional features of Fructus Broussonetiae and Turnjujube and TCM's recognition to the disease, it introduces 2 recipes summing up his scholar thought and experience in treating the said disease with the 2 herbs. [Result] The disease is caused by wine in-juring spleen and stomach, inducing wet hotness accumulated inside, later on the Qi, blood and water functioning one another, final y forming weak body resistance and pathogeny lingering;the Fructus Broussonetiae can nourish kidney and clear liver, help kidney for diuresis;and Turnjujube can induce diure-sis to al eviate edema and is good at alcoholic toxin;so pro. Lu uses both the herbs for the disease. [Conclusion] Pro. Lu's method has definite cure effect on the disease above, worthy our learning, reference, inheritance and promotion.

Objective To analyze the subject frequency and score proportion of the national unified examination papers of Nursing Research according to the topic content,in order to offer proposals for the reformation and optimization of the examination,and provide self-test-takers with references of improving learning methods and results.Methods The papers of the subject of Nursing Research during October 2008 to January 2013 had been statistically analyzed following the syllabus.Results Comprehensive coverage of knowledge point existed in the papers of the recent five years.The theme of measurement of research tools (5.8％) and basic procedures of nursing research (7.0％) took a smaller proportion compared with nursing research design (16.0％) and nursing papers writing(16.3％).Conclusions The contents of the 10 papers of the past 5 years concentrate high attentions and emphasis on the comprehension and application of the basic theory and methods,which accord with the goals and requirements of this subject in the training of the research ability.

MircoRNAs (miRNAs) are widely existing inorganisms, non-coding small RNA. MircoR-NAs play important role in cell proliferation, apoptosis, stress resistance and fat metabolism. In vitro studies indicate that miRNAs are important factors in platinum resistance of ovarian cancer cell lines. However, the pathway of platinum resistance of ovarian cancers is complex. Studies find miRNA expression play important roles in the sensitivity of platinum resistance of ovarian cancer cell lines , and can be used as an early alert for platinum resistance. Changing the expression of miRNA even can reverse the platinum resistance . But the regular role of miRNAs in target genes network is still unconfirmed. Thus, more studies about miRNA in vivo and animal tumor models are needed to identify the function of miRNAs in platinum resistance of ovarian cancer.

Objective To compare and analyze the different clinical features between male and female patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), by detecting the gender difference to make clinical decisions. Method The clinical features of 95 male RA patients(MRA) were analyzed and compared with those of 248 female RA patients (FRA) by retrospective analysis method. Results The mean onset age of MRA [18-79 (51.40±15.55) years old] was older than that of FRA[18-75(43.54 ±15.46) years old](P=0.0002). The morning stiffness time of MRA [(1.58 ±1.34) h] was shorter than that of FRA [(2.10 ±1.51) h](P = 0.0357). There was statistical difference in the first involved joint between MRA and FRA (P=0.0170), the prevalence of knee,metatarsonphalangeal joint,shoulder and ankle of MRA was higher than those of FRA, ' but conversely the wrist prevalence of FRA was higher than that of MRA.The prevalence of secondary Sj(o)gren syndrome of MRA(13.68%, 13/95) was rather lower than that of FRA(35.08%, 87/248)(P = 0.0007). MRA had lower positive rate of ANA (2.11% ,2/95) and lower value of IgM [(1.42 ±0.75) g/L] than FRA [(10.48% ,26/248), (1.69 ±0.86) g/L] (P < 0.05). There was no statistical difference between MRA and FRA in articular radiographic changes, most extraarticular manifestations and lab results (P >0.05). Conclusions MRA patients have older onset age and milder articular symptom than FRA patients. The disease severity of MRA is similar to that of FRA. Weighted joints are more involved in MRA. FRA is more inclined to have secondary Sj(o)gren syndrome.

ObjectiveTo investigate the clinical value of routine para - aortic lymphadenectomy in patients with stage Ⅰ B1 and Ⅱ A2 cervical cancers treated by surgical intent.Methods240 patients with stage Ⅰ B1 and Ⅱ A2 squamous cervical cancer were randomly divided into tow groups( group A and B).120 patients (group A) underwent radical hysterectomy with systematic pelvic lymphadenectomy and paraaortic lymphadenectomy.Other 120 patients (group B) underwent radical hysterectomy with systematic pelvic lymphadenectomy,additional para-aortic lymphadenectomy were carried out when para-aortic lymph nodes were identified as suspicious by visualization and palpation.The operation time,amount of surgical bleeding,length of stay,complications,and metastasis rates of pelvic lymph node,metastasis rates of common iliac lymph node and metastasis rates of para-aortic lymph node were analyzed between two groups.ResultsThe clinical characteristics of the patients had no statistically significant difference between the two groups.The length of stay and the complications of group A were significantly higher than group B ( P ＜0.05 ).During the 240 patients,the metastasis rates of pelvic lymph node,common iliac lymph node and para-aortic lymph node were 27.9％,10.8％ and 5.4％.The metastasis rate of para-aortic lymph node in group A was statistically higher than that in group B( 8.3％ vs 2.5％,P ＜0.05),whereas there had no significant difference of the metastasis rates of pelvic lymph node and common iliac lymph node between the two groups.ConclusionsRoutine para-aortic lymphadenectomy can be helpful to accurately predict the status of the para-aortic lymph node in patients with stage Ⅰ B1 and Ⅱ A2 cervical cancer,but the length of stay and the complications of operation will increase.

Objective To investigate the relation of peripheral leukocyte total and its differential counts with urinary albumin(UAlb)in patients with type 2 diabetes.Methods The 564 subjects with type 2 diabetes were stratified according to UAER levels.The total and differential leukocyte counts of peripheral blood were measured.Demographic and potential metabolic confounding factors were analyzed with multiple correlation and logistic regressions to evaluate the effects of leukocyte counts on UAER.Results With the increase of UAER,the peripheral total leukocyte,neutrophil,monocyte,eosinophil and basophil counts increased.In contrast,the lymphocyte count decreased.The differences persisted even after adjusting the influence of age,sex,duration of diabetes and other known risk factors.Conclusions Our study shows that peripheral leukocyte counts,even within the normal range,are related with UAlb in subjects with type 2 diabetes in a dose-dependent manner.