?Retinoblastoma is a common eye malignant tumor which has high degree of malignancy.The traditional treatment methods are destructive, and the prognosis is poor. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1αhighly express in retinoblastoma and regulate the development and progression of retinoblastoma ( by influencing the proliferation and differentiation of tumor cells and involving in the generation of vascular mimicry ) . This article reviewed the role of hypoxia inducible factor-1αin the development of retinoblastoma which will initiate a new avenue for the treatment of retinoblastoma.

Objective:To compare the extent and time course of alveolar bone loss and osteoclast activation in two murine models of periodontal disease:molar ligation and Porphyromonas gingivalis (P.gingivalis) oral inoculation.Methods:A split-mouth design was applied to two groups of mice (C57BL6,6-8 weeks old,n =24 in both groups),resulting in four treatment groups:(1) Control group:unligated upper right 2nd molars receiving CMC only,(2)Ligature group:ligation of a 9-0 suture around the upper left 2nd molar,(3) P.gingivalis group:unligated upper right 2nd molar receiving P.gingivalis challenge only,(4)Ligature ± P.gingivalis group:ligation of the upper left 2nd molar in combination with oral inoculation with 109 colony-forming units(CFU) P.gingivalis.Alveolar bone loss was measured as the cementoenamel junction and alveolar bone crest (CEJ-ABC) distance.In the study,48 C57BL6 mice were designed and treated as described above,and osteoclasts were counted on histological sections following tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining and counts were normalized to alveolar bone surface distance.Then 36 C57BL6 mice were investigated,of which 30 were ligated a 940 silk ligature around the 2nd molar in the left maxillary quadrant and 6 were not ligated.After ligation for 1 week,the ligatures in 12 mice were taken off for either 1 week or 2 weeks.The CEJ-ABC distance of the 6 mice without ligation was baseline.The CEJ-ABC distances were measured and analyzed.The data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA.Results:Molar ligation induced marked alveolar bone loss after 3,6,9 and 12 weeks [(0.16 ±0.04) mm,(0.16 ±0.02) mm,(0.18 ±0.03) mm,(0.17 ±0.02) mm],vs.corresponding controls [(0.09 ± 0.03) mm,(0.10 ± 0.01) mm,(0.12 ± 0.04) mm,(0.12 ± 0.01) mm] andP.gingivalisgroup [(0.09±0.03)mm、(0.12±0.01)mm,(0.12±0.02)mm,(0.10± 0.01) mm],P ＜ 0.05.Combined treatment with molar ligation and P.gingivalis did not further increase the CEJ-ABC distance.Evidence for osteoclast activation was found one day after molar ligation,and TRAP-positive cell numbers peaked on day 3 (12 ±4 vs.control 2 ±2,P ＜0.01).After taking off ligature following ligation for 2 weeks,it showed significantly regrowth of alveolar bone compared with that before removal of the ligature on day 7 [(0.07 ±0.02) mm vs.(0.13 ± 0.01) mm,P ＜ 0.01].Conclusion:Molar ligation is a rapid and effective way to induce periodontal bone loss in mice.Osteoclast activation occurs within 24 hours of ligature placement,and the extent of bone loss well exceeds that of the P.gingivalis-induced bone loss.Removing ligature after periodontal disease might help bone regeneration by regrowth of the alveolar bone.

A cerebral arteriovenous malformation is a congenital disorder characterised by an abnormal connection between the arteries and the veins in the brain. It causes intracranial bleeding, seizures, severe headache, and progressive neurological deficits. The therapeutic strategies were usually established on the basis of clinical experiences due to lack of ideal models of arteriovenous malformation in the past .In order to further increase the success rate of surgery and decrease complications, this article reviews the advances in establishment and application of animal models of cerebral arteriovenous malformation in recent years.

Objective To analyze the second time blood screening results of ALT deferred donors,and to evaluate the importance of alanine aminotransferase(ALT) testing on the improvement of blood safety.Methods The ALT testing results of 565 360 blood donors from Feb.2006 to Jan.2008 of Shanghai Blood Center were studied retrospectively.The screening results and donation intervals of such donors who delayed their donation just because of their former unqualified ALT level were also analyzed.Results A total of 32 042 donors(5.67%) failed in ALT testing among 565 360 donors.And 3 395 ALT deferred donors participated the second time blood donation,among which 2 205(64.95%) passed the blood screening tests,while the other 1 190(35.05%) failed.Among the 1 190 unqualified blood donors,1 151(33.90%)failed again in ALT testing,and 11(0.32%) in Syphilis,12(0.35%) in HBsAg,7(0.21%) in anti-HCV and 1 in anit-HIV(0.03%).Meanwhile,donors failed both in ALT testing combined with HBsAg,anti-HCV,and anit-HIV sero-converted were 1(0.03%),2(0.06%) and 1(0.03%),respectively.And 72.64% of ALT deferred donors participated the second time blood donation within 6 months.The average donation intervals of donors with qualified ALT level but sero-converted were 140 days(from 24 to 267 days),and those with both unqualified ALT level and sero-converted were 158 days(from 91 to 220 days).Conclusion Before the new methods such as NAT were applied to blood donation screening system,ALT test could prevent the window-period failure of ELISA screening so as to improve the blood safety.

Objective To investigate the relationship between vascular injury of diabetic rats with hind limb ischemia and endothelial nitric oxide synthase(eNOS) uncoupling.Methods 15 SD rats were randomly divided into 3 groups:control group (n =5),diabetes group (n =5) and diabetes ischemia group (n =5).Two weeks after the diabetic rat model and hind limb ischemia of diabetic rat model were set up,Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) was used to detect nitric oxide(NO) expression in the rat femoral artery; Dihydroethidium(DHE) fluorescent probe was used to detect superoxide(O2-) production in the frozen section of femoral artery; and Western blot was used to examine GTP cyclohydrolase 1 (GTPCH-1)expression in femoral artery.Results ①Compared with the control group,NO expression of femoral artery in diabetes group was significantly reduced,diabetes ischemia group decreased more significantly,and the difference between the 3 groups had statistical significance(P =0.000,P =0.000,P =0.001).②Frozen section showed:compared with the control group,O2-expression of diabetes group significantly increased,but not as much as diabetes hind limb ischemia group.③Western blot results showed that compared with the control group,the expression of GTPCH-1 in diabetes group reduced,diabetes hind limb ischemia group decreased more significantly,and the difference between the 3 groups had statistical significance (P =0.001,P =0.000,P =0.012).Conclusion eNOS uncoupling is present in diabetic rats with hind limb ischemia and vascular injury.

Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic ; surgery ; Catheter Ablation ; Child, Preschool ; Humans ; Infant ; Myocardium

Objective To evaluate the effect of oral tramadol controlled release tablets premedication on the efficacy of anesthesia with target-controlled infusion (TCI)of propofol and remifentanil for painless colonoscopy in elderly patients.Methods Sixty ASA Ⅰ or Ⅱ patients,aged≥ 65 yr,undergoing painless colonoscopy,were randomly divided into 2 groups ( n =30 each): control group (group C) and tramadol group(group T).In group T tramadol controlled-release tablet 100 mg was administered orally at 2 h before operation.Anesthesia was induced and maintained with TCI of propofol and remifentanil.SP,DP,HR and SpO2 were recorded before induction,at the time to reach the ileocecal valve and at the end of operation.The induction time,duration of operation,emergence time,recovery time,adverse events and the amount of propofol and remifentanil consumed were recorded.Results There was no significant difference in hemodynamics parameters,induction time,duration of operation,emergence time,recovery time,adverse events and the amount of propofol and remifentanil consumed between the two groups (P ＞ 0.05 ).Conclusion Oral tramadol controlled release tablets 100 mg premedication can be safely used in painless colonoscopy in elderly patients,however,tramadol can not enhance the efficacy of anesthesia with TCI of propofol and remifentanil.

Objective To observe the clinical characteristics and efficacy of laser photocoagulation of aggressive posterior retinopathy of prematurity (AP-ROP).Methods Twenty-eight eyes of 14 infants with AP-ROP from May 2008 to December 2010 were enrolled in this study.The infants were examined using RetCam photography and indirect ophthalmoscopy.Among the 28 eyes,24 eyes were classified as zone one and 4 eyes zone two.All eyes were treated within 24 hours using binocular indirect ophthalmoscope and laser photocoagulation.The initial energy was 200 mW,using energy was 200 - 500 mW,exposure time was 200 ms.Every two photocoagulation spot was linked together,but no overlap.Follow-up ranged from 3 to 24 months,with a mean of 11.5 months. The retinal bloods,the iris surface vessels,the fiber hyperplasia on retina,retinal detachment or ruffle form were observed.Results Twenty-five of 28 eyes (89.3 ％) recovered or were classified as control; 1 of 28 eyes (3.6 ％) was suffered retinal detachment one month after treatment.The detachment was resolved through vitrectomy Surgery.Two of 28 eyes (7.1 ％)did poorly.The parents gave up treatment resulting in loss of vision.No treatment-related complications were observed during the follow-up period,such as damage to cornea,iris and lens. Conclusion Photocoagulation is a safe and effective way to treat most AP-ROP.

Objective To investigate curative effect in children with bronchial asthma by two treatment methods. Methods 100 children with bronchial asthma,according to the different treatment were divided into treatment group 50 cases and control group(50 cases). The first seconds vital capacity(FEV1),peak expiratory flow (PEF) ,vital capacity 25% of the instantaneous velocity (V75), vital capacity 50% of the instantaneous velocity (V50) ,vital capacity 75% of the instantaneous velocity(V25) and their percentage the percentage of predicted value were observed. Results Total effective of 43 cases(86.0%) in treatment group after treatment 4 weeks were higher than that in control group of 28 cases (56. 5 %) (x~2 = 3. 987, P ＜ 0.05); The percentage of FEV1 and PEF in two groups after treatment 12 weeks were significantly higher than that before treatment(x~2 = 4. 01,4. 21,4. 31,4. 08, all P ＜ 0.05), but it between the two groups was not statistically significant (x~2 = 2. 31,2. 41, all P ＞ 0.05); The pulmonary function of V75 、V50、V25 in two groups after treatment 12 weeks reached projected value of more than 90% ;The pulmonary function of V75 、V50、V25 after treatment compared with those before treatment were improved significantly (x~2 =4.285,4.234,4.311,4.278,all P＜0.05). Conclusion The curative effect of bronchial asthma were confirmed in two methods,but treatment group were better than the control group.

Objective To study the effect of tranexamic acid of reducing the bleeding and transfusion on total hip arthroplasty and the recovery of joint function.Methods The clinical data of 62 patients who underwent total hip arthroplasty from February 2013 to February 2015 were randomly divided into the control group(31 cases)and the observation group(31 cases).Patients treated with tranexamic acid for hemostasis were the observation group and patients without tranexamic acid for the control group.The Hct,Hb and Harris scores were compared before and after operation.The total blood loss,intraoperative blood loss,postoperative drainage,occult blood loss and blood transfusion were compared between the two groups.Results The preoperative Hct,Hb and Harris scores in observation group were 0.43±0.06,(131.13±18.52)g/L and(23.45±10.24)points,respectively,0.42±0.05,(130.42±14.36)g/L and(24.36±9.34)points,respectively in control group.Postoperative 1st,3th d Hct in observation group were 0.35±0.05,0.28±0.05,in control group were 0.30±0.06,0.25±0.03,postoperative Hb in observation group were(111.58±20.32)g/L,(121.26±18.28)g/L in control group.Postoperative 2nd,6th,12th weeks Harris scores in observation group were(54.88±6.14)points,(67.79±12.05)points,(83.55±12.12)points,in control group were(50.21±5.01)points,(58.17±13.24)points,(74.38±12.67)points,compared with before treatment were improved,and three indexes in the observation group were significantly higher than those in control group(F between grouP=3.213,P=0.023,F across grouP=3.213,P=0.036,F inner grouP=3.327,P=0.032;F between grouP=3.277,P=0.002,F across grouP=2.865,P=0.006,F inner grouP=3.564,P=0.001;F between grouP=3.327,P=0.016,F across grouP=32.912,P=0.005,F inner grouP=3.614,P=0.001).The patients total blood loss,the amount of hemorrhage,postoperative drainage volume,the hidden blood loss and blood transfusion in the observation group were(1 820.9±367.6)ml,(685.5±363.62)ml,(561.3±366.1)ml,(530.8±410.7)ml and(210.1±25.9)ml,respectively,less than the control group((2 229±564.6)ml,(1 010.3±415.11)ml,(725.9±257.8)ml,(798.4±279.5)ml,(701.2±51.2)ml,with significant differences between the two groups(t=3.373,3.281,2.047,2.999,47.655,P＜0.05).Conclusion Intraoperative hemostasis of tranexamic acid in total hip arthroplasty can effectively reduce the amount of blood loss and blood transfusion,and to promote patients recovery of joint function,clinical promotion,with great value of clinical promotion.