Collaterals is a term in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) in human body.It is the branch of the Channels and Collaterals that consists of DaLuo,XiLuo,ChanLuo,SunLuo and FuLuo,etc.Its function are transporting qi and blood,connecting zang- fu organs and limbs, as well as the upper and the lower,the interior and the exterior, and regulating all parts of the body.Collaterals disease is the disorder of the function of transporting qi,blood and body fluid,and the pathologic metabolite interference in Collaterals due to various agents. There are many therapy such as communicating Collaterals with Pungent Flavour and Moistening,Pungent Flavour and Worm, Pungent Flavour,Clearing away Heat and promoting the dispersing function, Aromatic,Clearing away Heat,Clearing away thrombosis,Clearing away sputum,insect and ants therapy,promoting qi, moistening and promoting,Clearing and moistening,worming and moisting and Softening liver, etc.

Anesthesia is the most crucial part of clinical surgery in modern medicine,and it is highly risked due to complications of general anesthesia.Researches have proved that intraoperation monitoring depth of anesthesia efficiently reduced the dosage of anesthetics and led to earlier recovery,so that the risk of anesthesia has been minimized.Currently,the research on depth of anesthesia monitoring methods has become an international hotspot.This paper reviews the methods for monitoring depth of anesthesia,including bispectral index,auditory evoked potential,Entropy and heart rate variability,and highlights advantages,disadvantages of these methods and the relationship between these methods.This paper also introduces the relationship between heart rate variability and the depth of anesthesia monitoring,the method for analyzing heart rate variability in both time domain and frequency domain,which laid a theoretical foundation for the research on monitoring depth of anesthesia.

Objective To establish experimental autoimmune thyroiditis (EAT) rat model induced by bovine thyroglobulin (bTg) and to observe the effect of iodine on IP-10 in rat serum and IP-10 mRNA expression in rat thyroid tissue.Methods One hundred and thirty-five four-week old female Lewis rats were divided into normal control (NC,20 rats) group;TG group,25 rats;H Ⅰ group,20 rats;H Ⅰ + TG group,25 rats;H Ⅱ group,20 rats and H Ⅱ + TG group,25 rats according to a random number table.The water iodine concentration was 25.7 μg/L given to rats of HⅠ and H I + TG groups,and 423.3 μg/L of H Ⅱ and H Ⅱ + TG groups.Rats of NC and TG groups drank distilled water.Rats of TG,H Ⅰ + TG,H Ⅱ + TG groups were immunized with 0.1 ml bTg (8 g/L) in IFA.All rats were killed at the end of 15 weeks.Urinary iodine was determined by As3+-Ce4+ catalytic spectrophotometry (WS/T 107-2006).Pathological changes in thyroid tissue were observed by light microscope.Serum IP-10 was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA),and IP-10 mRNA expression in thyroid was detected by real-time PCR.Results The differences of urinary iodine between groups were statistically significant (x2 =106.4,P ＜ 0.05).Compared with NC group (456.45 μg/L) urinary iodine in other groups increased significantly (TG,H Ⅰ,H Ⅰ + TG,HⅡ,HⅡ + TG:800.08,18 633.20,13 869.08,87 889.97,61 661.51 μg/L,all P ＜ 0.05).The pathological changes of rats in each group aggravated following increased iodine intake,NC group had normal thyroid structure;thyroid of TG group had a small amount of lymphocytes;thyroid of H Ⅰ group showed irregular follicular,part of the follicular was destroyed;a large number of lymphocytes infiltrated between follicular of H Ⅱ group;in H Ⅱ + TG group,the follicular was destroyed severely,diffuse inflammatory cell infiltration.The difference of serum IP-10 between groups no were statistically significant (F =1.462,P ＞ 0.05).The expression of IP-10 mRNA of H Ⅰ + TG (2.80 ± 1.73) rats thyroid was higher than that in NC (1.65 ± 1.62) and H Ⅰ (1.07 ± 1.00) groups,H Ⅱ (0.64 ± 0.64),H Ⅱ + TG (0.80 ± 0.49) were lower than H Ⅰ + TG group (all P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions Excessive iodine intake could have increased inflammatory cells in EAT rat and rats have showed more serious pathologic changes.These phenomena may be ralated with changed expression of IP-10 mRNA in EAT rat thyroid.

Objective To establish a experimental autoimmune thyroiditis(EAT) rat model and to observe pathological change levels of CD4 + T lymphocyte infiltration in thyroid tissues under different iodine nutrient conditions.Methods One hundred and thirty-five four weeks old female Lewis rats(body weight about 80 g) were divided into control(NC),model(TG),high iodine-Ⅰ (HⅠ),high iodine and model-Ⅰ (HⅠ + TG),high iodine-Ⅱ (H Ⅱ),high iodine and model-Ⅱ (H Ⅱ + TG) groups according to body weight by random number table.There were 20 rats in NC,HⅠ and H Ⅱ groups,and 25 rats in TG,H Ⅰ + TG and H Ⅱ + TG groups.The rats of HⅠ and HⅠ + TG groups drank deionized water containing iodine 25.7 mg/L; rats of HⅡl and H Ⅱ + TG groups drank deionized water containing iodine 423.3 mg/L; rats of NC and TG groups drank distilled water.Rats of TG,HⅠ + TG and H Ⅱ + TG groups were immunized with 0.1 ml thyroglobulin(Tg,8.0 g/L) in incomplete Freunds adjuvant (IFA),once two weeks for three times.Urine samples were collected after immunization for 8 weeks; after immunization for 15 weeks,rats were killed,blood samples and thyroid tissues were taken.Urinary iodine was determined by arsenic-cerium catalytic spectrophotometry; pathological changes in thyroid tissue were observed by Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE) method ; immunohistochemical method was used to identify the infiltration of inflammatory cells in thyroid tissue.Results The difference of rat thyroid relative quality between groups was statistically significant (F =44.428,P ＜ 0.05).Compared with NC group (0.085 25 mg/g),thyroid relative qualities were increased in experimental groups (TG,HⅠ,HⅠ + TG,H Ⅱ,H Ⅱ + TG groups:0.095 22,0.092 85,0.097 48,0.096 55,0.095 33 mg/g,all P ＜ 0.05).The difference of urinary iodine between groups was statistically significant(x2 =106.4,P＜ 0.05).Compared with NC group(456.45 μg/L),urinary iodine levels in TG,HⅠ,HⅠ +TG,HⅡ,HⅡ + TG groups(800.08,18 633.20,13 869.00,87 889.97,61 661.51 μg/L) were increased(all P ＜ 0.05).The pathological changes of rats in each group were increased with increasing of iodine intake.Rats in NC group had normal thyroid structure; in TG,HⅠ groups,a small amount of lyrnphocytes were found between thyroid follicular; the lymphocytes infiltrated into the follicular in HⅠ + TG group; rats in H Ⅱ,H Ⅱ + TG groups had follicular fusion,and diffused inflammatory cell infiltration.There was a tendency of increased CD4+ T lymphocyte infiltration in rat thyroid with increasing of iodine intake.There was no CD4+ T lymphocyte positive staining in NC group; TG group had a small amount of positive cells; HⅠ group had scattered yellowish-brown positive cells.HⅠ + TG group had a focal lymphocyte infiltration; HⅡ group had follicular expansion obviously; follicular structure damage in HⅡ + TG group was serious,and showed a diffused yellow dye.Conclusion Excessive iodine intake and Tg immunization can induce and aggravate the incidence of autoimmune thyroiditis in rats,and pathological change situation has exacerbated with increasing of iodine intake; excessive iodine intake may also lead to an increased tendency of CD4+ T lymphocytes infiltration in thyroid tissue of EAT rat.

Pancreatic cancer is the third leading cause of cancer-related death in the world due to its high malignancy, difficult in early diagnosis, poor treatment efficacy, and high mortality. In recent years, benefiting from the progress of combined chemotherapy and neoadjuvant therapy, the prognosis of patients with pancreatic cancer has been improved to a certain extent. However, compared with other tumors, progress of precision medicine in pancreatic cancer is slow. The authors introduce the latest progress and difficulties in precision medicine of pancreatic cancer including molecular classification based on single gene and omics, monitoring tumor progression and guide treatment by minimally invasive liquid biopsy, as well as targeting therapy and immuno-therapy, in order to accelerate the development of precision medicine of pancreatic cancer.

Escherichia coli ; classification ; Escherichia coli Infections ; epidemiology ; microbiology ; Germany ; epidemiology ; Humans ; Pandemics

Objective To systematically review the existing evidence about the effect of medial and lateral (crossed) entry pins versus only lateral entry pin fixation on the supracondylar fractures of the humerus in children.Methods Eligible studies were identified in Cochrane library,the Cochrane Bone,Joint and Muscle Trauma Group (till March 2011 ),Medline (from 1966 to March 2011 ),EMbase (from 1966 to 2011 ),CBM (from January 1979 to March 2011 ),PubMed,Wanfang Data (from 2000 to March 2011 ) and CNKI and the references of the included studies and several Chinese orthopedic journals were manually searched.Then,the randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-randomized controlled trials (CCTs) about two entries (crossed and only lateral pinning) for supracondylar fractures of humerus in children were collected.After evaluation of methodology with the enrolled studies,available data was extracted and systematic review was conducted via the method recommended by the Cochrane Collaboration.Results In total,five RCTs involving 311 patients were involved.Compared with the preoperative data,the meta-analysis results showed no significant difference in reduction stability in terms of change in Baumann angle and Carrying angle between the two groups.For the postoperative function outcome including complete reduction,Flynn grade and full return to function,no significant difference was found between the two groups.For the postoperative complications,there was no difference in the infection of pin tract,though lateral entry resulted in a significant lower incidence of the iatrogenic nerve injury compared with the medial and lateral entry.Conclusions With the Kirschner wire fixation for supracondylar fractures of humerus in children,current existing evidences indicate that the lateral entry of pinning has similar results in reduction stability,function outcome and incidence of pin tract infection compared with medial and lateral entry.Nevertheless,lateral entry,as a safe pinning technique,may effectively decrease the risk of iatrogenic nerve injury

Aim The present study was designed to investigate the growth inhibition and anti-angiogenesis of arsenic trioxide (As 2O 3) on B16 cells xenografts in C57BL/6J mice and observe the effects of As 2O 3 on cell proliferation, cell morphology, cell cycle and apoptosis in vitro. Methods Mice melanoma cell line B16 was transplanted into C57BL/6J mice. The weight of tumor and percent of tumor development were examined after As 2O 3 intraperitoneal administration. HE staining and immunohistochemistry for Ⅷ-R Ag were performed to detect the microvessel density in tumor tissues. CellTiter 96 Aqueous One was used to determine the cell proliferation. Giemsa and Feulgen staining were used to observe the morphological changes of the cells. Cell cycle and apoptosis were analyzed by flow cytometry (FCM). Results As 2O 3 significantly inhibited the tumor growth in vivo, with an inhibitory rate of 81.61%. The microvessel density in tumor tissues was obviously reduced after treated with As 2O 3. There was obviously a concentration-dependent relationship between As 2O 3 and the inhibition of B16 cells proliferation (P

Eighty-five endophytic fungal strains were isolated from the roots、stems and leaves of Polygala tenuifolia Willd, among which, fifty-two from natural plants and thirty-three from cultivated ones. Sev-enty-six strains were classified as twenty-three fungal genera. The inhibitory activity screening to fourteen microbe were conducted research. The results showed that some endophytic fungi had remarkble inhibitory activities to Bacillus subtilis, Shigella sonnei, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, Fusarium kyrushuense and they were all belonged to Fusarium, Alternaria, Aphanocladium respectively. All of the endophytic fungi isolated from Polygala tenuifolia showed no inhibitory activities to Staphyloccocus aureus, Salmonel-lae enteritis, Bibrio parahemolyticus.

The characterization and management of oral and maxillofacial spaces infections in diabetic patients were studied in order to determine the pattern of this clinical condition and formulate a management plan.There were 31 cases with average age of 61 years(s=9);the mean hospitalization time was 14 days(s=6);the average fasting blood glucose level on admission was 10.4 mmol/L.Of the 31 patients 20 were multiple-space infections and 11 were single-space infections.13 patients had major complications during admission.Odontogenic infection was the most common cause of the space infections.Streptococcus viridians and staphylococcus aureus were common organisms(5/19,4/19)identified through pus and/or blood cultures.Early surgical incision and drainage,perfect blood glucose control,intravenous antimicrobial therapy,preventing asphyxia and managing major complications are necessary and effective approaches for the management plan.