Objective To analyze morbidity,mortality and epidemiological characteristics of epidemic encephalitis B (Japanese encephalitis) from 2002 to 2013 in Zunyi.Methods The descriptive and statistical analysis of the incidence and death of epidemic encephalitis B from 2002 to 2013 in Zunyi was carried out.Results The morbidity and mortality were on a downward trend of epidemic encephalitis B in Zunyi from 2002 to 2013;most of the death and incidence cases occurred in July and August from children living scattered and students under age 15;after immunization expansion,the incidence of encephalitis B showed significant differences between ages,occupations,and time points (P<0.05);in the regional distribution of epidemic encephalitis B,incidence and mortality had significant differences (P<0.05).Conclusion Promising results might be generally obtained after expansion of encephalitis B immunization.However,there is a tendency of shifting back in terms of onset age and month.Therefore,comprehensive prevention measures should be implemented according to the epidemiological features of epidemic encephalitis B.

According to the investigation about the current ability of military hospitals to cope with bioterrorism , we suggest that military hospitals improve the capability for bioterrorism response based on the research above by satisfying mission requirements , combining peacetime with wartime , carrying out crisis management , classifying response and cooperating with local sectors .

Objective To explore the application value of plastic biliary stent and fully covered self-expandable metallic stent (FCSEMS) in endoscopic retrograde cholangio pancreatography (ERCP) for treatment of benign biliary stricture after liver transplantation.Methods The retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted.The clinical data of 54 patients with benign biliary stricture after liver transplantation undergoing ERCP treatment who were admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University between January 2010 and August 2016 were collected.Among 54 patients,44 had simple anastomotic stricture and 10 had non-anastomotic stricture.All the patients underwent stent implantation by ERCP.Patients with stricture within 1 month postoperatively initially selected single plastic stent or endoscopic nasobiliary drainage (ENBD),and then changed into multiple plastic stents at the second stent replacement.Patients with stricture after 1 month postoperatively selected multiple plastic stents,multiple plastic stents after balloon dilation or FCSEMS.Observation indicators:ERCP situations,stent implantation,time of stent indwelling,postoperative complications,stent dislocation,treatment outcome and follow-up situations.Patients were followed up by outpatient examination and telephone interview up to November 2016.Clinical symptoms of patients were observed within 1 month postoperatively and liver function and abdominal ultrasound were retested.Liver function and remission degree of biliary stricture were monitored regularly once every 3 months.Measurement data were described as average (range).Results All the patients underwent successful ERCP,of which 53 completed the process of ERCP and 1 rejected treatment due to economic problems.All the 54 patients received 140 times ERCPs with an average of 2.59 times per person,21 times ENBDs,11 times FCSEMSs and 108 times plastic stent implantations (including 35 times single stent implantations,46 times double stents implantations,23 times 3-stents implantations and 4 times 4-stents implantations).All the 54 patients were followed up for 3-143 months,with an average time of 73 months.Of 44 with anastomotic stricture,34 received plastic stent implantation and 98 times ERCPs,with an average number of stent implantation of 2 (range,1-4) and an average time of stent indwelling of 10.7 months (range,9.0-13.0months);the postoperative acute pancreatitis,biliary infection,hyperamylasemia and adverse stent implantation or dislocation were detected in 4 persons every time,7 persons every time,10 persons every time and 3 persons every time,respectively;26 patients were cured and 5 were improved,with an effective rate of 91.2％ (31/34);3 patients with noneffective treatment continued to undergo ERCP and 3 patients had recurrence of anastomotic stricture.Among 10 patients with initial FCSEMS implantation,12 times ERCPs were performed,with an average time of stent indwelling of 7.6 months (range,6.0-12.0 months);postoperative biliary infection,hyperamylasemia and stent dislocation were detected in 1 person every time,1 person every time and 1 person every time,respectively;8 patients were cured,with an effective rate of 8/10;of 2 patients with persistent stricture,1 patient received contrast examination after stent removal,showing a comparative stricture in level 1 branch of intrahepatic duct and considering combined ischaemia,and then underwent the second implantation using multiple plastic stents;the other patient had elevated level of jaundice at 3 months after stents removal and received ERCP,showing anastomotic inflammatory polyp,and then underwent FCSEMS implantation again.Ten patients with non-anastomotic stricture received plastic stent implantation and 30 times ERCPs,with an average number of stent implantation of 3 (range,2-4) and an average time of stent indwelling of 11.3 months (range,10.0-14.0 months);the postoperative acute pancreatitis,biliary infection,hyperamylasemia and adverse stent implantation or dislocation were detected in 2 persons every time,5 persons every time,2 persons every time and 1 person every time,respectively;3 patients were cured and 3 were improved,with an effective rate of 6/10;of 4 patients with noneffective treatment,2 died of gradually deteriorating liver function and 2 underwent the second liver transplantation.Conclusions Stent implantation in ERCP is safe and effective for treatment of benign biliary stricture after liver transplantation,single plastic stent should be used in the early period (within 1 month) and multiple plastic stents should be used in the later period.Although FCSEMS has a higher displacement rate,it should be recommended due to a better clinical effect,lower incidence of complications and simple operation.For patients with non-anastomotic stricture,plastic stent should be used for extrahepatic biliary stricture,with a good clinical effect,and there is worse effect in stent implantation through ERCP for multiple intrahepatic biliary strictures.

Objective: To investigate the effects of taurine on blood glucose, number of platelets in plasma, pletelet aggregation and metabolism of oxygen free radicals in diabetic rats. Methods: Diabetes was induced by a single injection (ip) of streptozotocin (STZ,70 mg/kg body weight). The rats were maintained on drinking water with or without taurine (1.5 g/kg body weight per day). The concentration of blood glucose, maximal aggregation rate of platelets induced by adenosine 5 diphosphate(ADP) or thrombin(Thr) and the number of platelets in plasma were measured. Metabolism of oxygen free radicals in platelets was assessed as superoxide dismutase(SOD) activity and content of malondialdehyde(MDA) in platelets. [WT5FZ]Results: [WT5BZ]The concentration of blood glucose and maximal aggregation rate of platelets induced by ADP or Thr were significantly higher in diabetic rats than in non diabetic rats. The diabetic rats showed decreased platelet number and SOD activity with higher MDA level. In taurine treated diabetic rats concentration of blood glucose was obviously decreased, but no significant change was found in platelet number, SOD activity, MDA content and aggregation of platelets induced by ADP or Thr. [WT5FZ] Conclusion: [WT5BZ]There is a correlation between the increase in platelet aggregability and the abnormal metabolism of oxygen free radicals in platelets and taurine can decrease the blood glucose level but has no significant effect on platelet aggregability and metabolism of oxygen free radicals in diabetic rats.

Objective To investigate the influence of tissue-specific growth hormone receptor (GHR)deficiency in type 1 diabetes in the mice at the gene level using pancreaticβcells combined with streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 1 diabetes model.Methods The experiment was divided into four groups:knockout mice group (LLc knockout group), using the homozygotes (LLc:LL+Cre) producted by pancreaticβ cell-specific expressed recombinant enzyme mice (RIP-Cre)and Cre-LoxP system modified GHR mice (Floxed,LL);LL control group, containing Floxed GHR allele homozygous mice (LL);LLc STZ group and LL STZ group (STZ was used for inducing type 1 diabetes model mice). The mice with feeding glucose≥25 mmol · L-1 were considered to be successful models.The Glucose Tolerance Test (GTT),pancreas tissue HE staining and immunohistochemistry were performed in the mice.Results The blood glucose of the mice in LL STZ group and LLc STZ group and LLc STZ group were increased after inj ection of STZ and the models achieved the diagnostic criteria for diabetes 1 6 d later.The results of GTT showed that compared with LLc control group and LLc knockout group, the blood glucose levels of the mice in LL STZ and LLc STZ groups were increased (P<0.05).There was no significant change of morphology and structure of islets between LL control group and LLc knockout group detected by HE staining. The immunohistochemistry results showed that the insulin level of the mice in LL STZ group was significantly reduced compared with LL control group;the insulin level of the mice in LLc STZ group was reduced compared with LLc control group.Conclusion Pancreaticβcell GHR gene knockout has no effect on the blood glucose and the function ofβcells in the mice with STZ-induced type 1 diabetes.

Objective To investigate the causes, diagnosis and surgical treatment of ERCP related duodenal per﹣foration. Methods Clinical data of 6 cases of surgical treatment of ERCP related duodenal perforation were retro﹣spective analyzed. All the 6 perforation patients underwent emergency surgical procedure, including 3 cases trans﹣fered from other hospital after duodenal perforation. 4 cases with a history of abdominal surgery. Preoperative con﹣firmed bravery manager stone 4 cases, 1 case of obstructive jaundice after gallbladder surgery, bile duct expansion in 1 case. Results Perforation causes include duodenum mirror improper operation related in 2 cases, duodenal papilla sphincterotomy related 3 cases (1 case of pre-dissection operation with needle knife), small endoscopic sphincteroto﹣my combined with endoscopic papillary balloon dilation lead to perforation in 1 case.4 cases of intraoperative found right kidney week pneumatosis, 2 cases of postoperative CT found after peritoneal pneumatosis, effusion. All patients with surgery including common bile duct exploration, T tube drainage, duodenal perforation repair, jejunum colostomy, among them 2 cases at the same time line of gastrointestinal anastomosis. 5 cases recovered, 1 case died. Conclusions Inappropriate duodenal papilla sphincter incision indications and Many previous abdominal surgery have higher perforated ration;Found in time, reasonable treatment is the most important;For serious typeⅠand typeⅡperforation, active surgical treatment in time, can effectively reduce serious consequences caused by the ERCP related perforation.

ObjectiveTo investigate the water fluoride level of the water improvement project and the prevalent condition of endemic fluorosis in 4 counties in Shandong province,and to provide a scientific basis for the development of control strategies to endemic fluorosis.MethodsAccording to “Shandong Province Survey Scheme of Endemic Fluorosis”,the service conditions of normal operated water improvement project and water fluoride content were investigated in Gaomi,Jiaxiang,Yuncheng and Boxing counties from May to November in 2010.The fluoride content in drinking water,the prevalence of dental fluorosis and urinary fluoride in children were investigated in nine major survey villages of the four counties.Water and urinary fluoride were determined by ion selective electrode and examination of dental fluorosis was done by using Dean method.ResultsA total of 288normal operated water improvement projects were examined in the 4 counties,the qualified rate of water fluoride (≤ 1.00 mg/L) of the projects was 51.39％(148/288),mean water fluoride was 1.35 mg/L and the maximum value was 6.27 mg/L.A total of 26 copies of drinking water samples were measured,the fluoride content ranged from 0.62mg/L to 4.36 mg/L,and mean water fluoride was 2.02 mg/L.A total of 685 children aged 8 to 12 were examined in the major investigated villages,the detection rate of dental fluorosis was 80.14％ (549/685),detectable rate of the defective dental fluorosis was 15.33％ (105/685),and dental fluorosis index was 1.56.Three hundred and seventynine copies of child urine samples were tested,the geometric mean of urinary fluoride were 0.66 - 13.28 mg/L,and the average was 3.04 mg/L.ConclusionsNearly 50％ of the water fluoride level of the water improvement project exceeds the standard ( ＞ 1.00 mg/L) in the 4 countries.The detection rate of dental fluorosis exceeds 80％ and urinary fluoride is significantly exceeds the standard in the major investigated villages.The endemic fluorosis is still serious and the situation of prevention and control of the disease is still grim.

Objective To investigate the prevailing status of endemic fluorosis in the south area of Shandong province and to provide a scientific basis for formulating control measures against the disease.Methods According to the present distribution of fluorosis areas in the south area of Shandong province and the Shandong Province Technical Scheme for Endemic Disease Control,13 counties(districts) in the south area of Shandong province were selected as the survey counties in 2009.Based on the state of endemic fluorosis,the disease was classified into light,moderate and severe types in the 13 monitoring counties (districts),and one diseased village was selected from each type as the survey spots.The drinking water fluoride level,the prevalence of dental fluorosis of children aged 8-12,adult clinical skeletal fluorosis and urinary fluoride level of the children and adults were surveyed in the 39 villages selected.The content of fluoride in drinking water and urine was dctermined by F-ion selective electrode while dental fluorosis of the children aged 8-12 was diagnosed by Dean method and adults skeletal fluorosis by the national standard for Diagnosis of Endemic Skeletal Fluorosis (WS 192-2008).Results A total of 172 water samples were tested in the 39 villages(26 villages with improved water and 13 villages with unimproved water) of the 13 counties(districts),the fluoride content of the 74 water samples(51 from 13 villages with unimproved water and 23 from 6 villages with improved water) exceeded the national standard(＞ 1.0 mg/L),and the rate of exceeded the standard was 43.02％(74/172) with 24 of ＞ 2.0-4.0 mg/L and 3 of ＞ 4.0 mg/L,and the maximum value of the water fluoride was 7.76 mg/L.A total of 1118 copies of children urine samples were tested,geometric mean of urinary fluoride was 1.82 mg/L; 764 copies of adults' urine samples were tested,geometric mean of urinary fluoride was 1.98 mg/L.A total of 1908 children aged 8-12 were examined of dental fluorosis,the detection rate was 45.18％ (862/1908),tooth defection rate was 9.12％ (174/1908),and dental fluorosis index was 1.07.A total of 25 295 adults were checked of clinical skeletal fluorosis,the detection rate was 5.96％(1509/25 296) with 670 moderate or scrious cases.Conclusions In the south area of Shandong province,excessive water fluoride is still serious,mainly in the diseased villages with unimproved water(including water improvement villages discarded water improvement thereafter).Urine fluoride remains at a relatively high level,and the dental and skeletal fluorosis are still comparatively serious.High tluoride hazard still exists to a certain degree.Therefore,the scientific control measures need to be strengthened to control the prevalent of endemic fluorosis.

Objective To understand the current situation of endemic fluorosis in Shandong Province,and to provide a scientific basis for development of control strategies.Methods In accordance with the requirements of the national Surveillance Scheme of Drinking-Water-Borne Endemic Fluorosis (Trial) and Shandong Provincial Surveillance Scheme of Drinking-Water-Borne Endemic Fluorosis (Trial),and to understand the progress of the province's water-improvement projects,10 counties were chosen in the province,and 10 water-improvement projects were selected in each county.Running condition of the water-improvement projects was investigated,and water fluoride content was tested.Three epidemic villages were chosen as fixed monitoring villages in each county.In each village,fluoride content in drinking water was determined,and dental fluorosis of all children aged 8 to 12 was diagnosed.Water fluoride content was determined by fluoride ion selective electrode method,and dental fluorosis of children aged 8 to 12 was diagnosed by Dean method.Results ① There were 3570 water defluoridation projects in the province,and water-improvement rate was 87.49％ (10 122/11 569).Normal operating projects accounted for 89.10％ (3181/3570),and the passing rate of water fluoride content was 73.14％ (2611/3570),with the maximum water fluoride as 9.71 mg/L.② In the 10 counties,a total of 86 waterimprovement projects were monitored.Normal operation,intermittent operation and scrapped projects accounted for 95.35％ (82/86),3.49％ (3/86) and 1.16％ (1/86),respectively,and passing rate of fluoride content in water was 50.00％ (43/86),and the maximum water fluoride was 5.32 mg/L.③ In the 27 monitored villages with improved water quality,the passing rate of fluoride content in water was 74.07％ (20/27),and the maximum water fluoride was 4.50mg/L.In the 3 monitored villages without improved water quality,villages of mean water fluoride ≤ 1.20 mg/L and ＞ 1.20 mg/L accounted for 33.33％ (1/3) and 66.67％ (2/3),respectively,and the maximum water fluoride was 1.53 mg/L.④ In the 27 monitored villages with improved water quality,the detection rate of dental fluorosis among children aged 8 to 12 was 57.65％(791/1372),and the detection rate of defect type dental fluorosis was 7.80％(107/1372); the index of dental fluorosis was 1.15.In the 3 monitored villages without improved water quality,the detection rate of dental fluorosis among children aged 8 to 12 was 50.97％ (80/155),and the detection rate of defect type dental fluorosis was 7.10％(11/155); the index of dental fluorosis was 1.16.Conclusions In Shandong Province,the running condition of water improvement project to reduce fluoride still needs to be further improved,and the water fluoride is seriously overweight and endemic fluorosis has not been effectively controlled.Preventive measures should be strengthened.

ObjectiveTo investigate the current status of Kaschin-Beck disease in Shandong province, and to provide a scientific basis for decision-making in controlling the disease. Methods According to the National Monitoring Program of Kaschin-Beck disease requirements, historical serious villages of Kaschin-Beck disease in Qingzhou of Shandong province were selected annually; children aged 7 to 16 were chosen to receive clinical examination and children aged 7 to 12 were taken X-ray examination. Clinical and X-ray diagnosis was carried out according to the Diagnostic Criteria of Kashin Beck Disease(GB 16003-1995). Results From 1996 to 2010, in 53 diseased villages, three thousand three hundred and eighteen school children aged 7 to 16 were clinically diagnosed, and child Kaschin-Beck disease of degree Ⅰ and above were not detected; three thousand and ninety-one school children aged 7 to 12 were examined by X-ray, forty cases were found positive, and the total positive rate was 1.29％(40/3091 ). The year with the highest positive rate was 2002, and the rate was 3.49％(13/372) ; the positive rate was 0 in 1996 and 2008. The difference of the X-ray positive rate between each year was statistically significant(x2 =31.54, P ＜ 0.01 ). ConclusionsChild Kashin-Beck disease in Qingzhou is basically under control.Since etiology of Kashin-Beck disease is still unclear, surveillance of the disease still needs to be strengthened.