Macrofungi are rich in natural bioactive compounds so they have much medicinal value.Their immunomodulating and anticancer activity particularly attracts more attention.Based on the polysaccharides molecular structure and their relation to these activities,this paper discusses their mechanism of the immune responses and introduces the important instances of these polysaccharides along with their immunomodulating and/or anticancer activity isolated from putative medicinal mushrooms.

AIM: To comprehensively investigate the current status of cataract surgery in Leshan city, and find the existing problems according to the survey results as a guide to cataract prevention and treatment in future.
METHODS: We surveyed the status of cataract surgery containing equipments, surgeons and surgery conditions in 17 ophthalmology departments of general hospitals from Leshan including 6 counties, 1 county-level city and 4 districts during 2012. Cataract surgery methods, according to various surgery financial resources, surgical performances and surgical incision, were divided into phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation ( Phaco + IOL ) , extracapsular cataract extraction and intraocular lens implantation ( ECCE + IOL ) , and each method contained 2 groups. We analyzed the outcomes following preoperative examination, surgeons, surgical methods, surgical equipments, types of IOL, surgical quantity, surgical results, and intraoperative complication.
RESULTS: In whole city there were 16 operating microscopes, 43 slit lamp microscopes, 12 non-contact tonometers, 1 intraocular lens Master, 8 optical A/B type ultrasonic examination systems, 4 YAG lasers and 12 phacoemulsification instruments. There 15 doctors could complete cataract surgery independently, and 5 of them were phacoemulsification surgeons. The total number of completed cataract surgeries reached 6 211 eyes, containing 3 564 eyes for Phaco+IOL ( 57%) ( preoperative visual acuity ≥0. 3 in Phaco+IOL1 were 1 520 eyes, 24%) and 2 647 eyes for ECCE+IOL ( 43%) ( 1 533 eyes in ECCE+IOL1, 25%). In various groups, off-blindness rate was 94. 80%-100%, off-disability rate was 90. 41%-100%, and 94. 96% - 100% received intraocular lens implantation, intraoperative complication rate was 1. 00%-15. 10%.
CONCLUSION: The distribution of surgeons and equipments in the whole city is unbalanced, and the utilization rate of phaco equipment is low. The levels are different in various hospitals on surgical technique, surgical quantity and surgical results. Phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation is considered as the main therapy for cataract, and as a transition to dioptric and personalized cataract surgery. The surgical condition of the city is good, but the proportion of cataract surgery for prevention of blindness in Leshan city is low, and the surgical technique remains to be further improved.

Objective To investigate the effects of hypothermia combined with sevoflurane on expression of myocardial gap junction protein connexin 43 (Cx43) in isolated rabbit hearts.Methods Healthy adult rabbits of both sexes,weighing 1.5-2.0 kg,were sacrificed after anesthetization.The hearts were rapidly excised and perfused in a langendorff apparatus with K-H solution saturated with 95％ O2-5％ CO2 at 37 ℃ in a langendorff apparatus.Forty isolated hearts were randomly divided into 4 groups (n =10 each):control group (group C),hypothermia group (group H) and hypothermia combined with sevoflurane group (group HS).At 15 min of equilibration,the perfusion with K-H solution was continued at 37 ℃ in group C,K-H solution saturated with 2.4％ sevoflurane was perfused at 37 ℃ in group S,K-H solution was perfused at 30 ℃ in group H,and K-H solution saturated with 2.4％ sevoflurane was perfused at 30 ℃ in group HS.At 30 min of perfusion,myocardial specimens were obtained from the anterior wall of the left ventricle for detection of the expression of Cx43 in myocardial cells (by immunohistochemistry and Western blot).Results Compared with group C,Cx43 expression was downregualted in group H (P ＜ 0.05),and no significant change was found in Cx43 expression in S and HS groups (P ＞ 0.05).Cx43 levels distributed mainly in the intercalated disc in S and HS groups,and in H group the distribution of Cx43 levels in the intercalated disc was less,but the percentages of lateralized Cx43 were increased.Conclusion Sevofurane can inhibit hypothermia-induced down-regulation and distribution disturbance of myocardial Cx43 expression,which may be the mechanism by which sevofurane inhibits hypothermia-induced arrhythmia.

Objective To investigate the effects of hypothermia combined with sevoflurane on myocardial monophasic action potential (MAP) and transmural dispersion of repolarization (TDR) of the left ventricle in rabbits in vitro. Methods Adult rabbits weighing 1.5-2.0 kg were sacrificed after heparinized and anesthetized.The hearts were immediately removed and perfused with K-H soluation saturated with 95%O2-5%CO2 at 37℃ in a Langendorff apparatus. Forty-eight isolated hearts were randomly divided into 6 groups ( n = 8 each): Ⅰ control group (group C), Ⅱ low concentration sevoflurane group ( group S1 ), Ⅲ high concentration sevoflurane group (group S2 ), Ⅳ hypothermia group (group H), Ⅴ hypothermia + low concentration sevoflurane (group HS1 ) and Ⅵ hypothermia + high concentraion sevoflurane (group HS2 ).Group C received continous perfusion. Group S1and S2 received perfusion with K-H solution saturated with 2.4% and 4.8% sevoflurane at 37 ℃ for 30 min respectively. Group H received perfusion with K-H solution at 30℃ for 30 min. Group HS1 and HS2 received perfusion with K-H solution saturated with 2.4% and 4.8% sevoflurane at 30℃ respectively.MAPs of epicardium, mid-myocardium and endocardium of the left ventricle were recorded. MAP duration at 90%repolarization(MAPD90)and TDR were calculated. Early after-depolarization,delayed after-depolarization and arrhythmia were also recorded. Results Compared with group C, MAPD90 of the 3 layers of ventricle was significandy prolonged, the incidence of arrhythmia increased in group H (P＜0.05). There was no significant difference in TDR among all groups ( P＞0.05). There was no interaction between sevoflurane and hypothermia (P＞0.05), and it only showed that MAPD90 was prolonged by hypothermia (P ＜0.05 ). Conclusion Hypothermia combined with sevoflurane exerts no significant effects on myocardial MAP and TDR of ventricles in rabbits, and sevoflurane decreases the incidence of hypothermia-induced arrhythmia through inhibiting the prolongation of MAPD90.

Objective:To investigate the intracellular localization and association of chicken major histocompatibility complex class Ⅰsubunits with invariant chain.Methods:At first,the sequences of MHCⅠ ? and ?2m subunits were amplified with RT-PCR.Secondly,we constructed the eukaryotic expression plasmids of MHCⅠ ? and MHCⅠ?2m that was fused with red or enhanced green fluorescent protein,respectively.The recombinant plasmids of MHC Ⅰsubunits and pEGFP-C1-Ii that could express enhanced green fluorescent protein were transiently transfected into COS-7 cells with Lipofectamine 2000.Immunofluorescence microscopy was carried out to detect the expression and intracellular localization of Ii and MHC Ⅰsubunits,and immunoprecipitation was used for analyzing their association.Results:The colocalization was found in endocytic compartments when GFP-Ii,MHCⅠ?-RFP and MHCⅠ?2m-RFP were co-expressed in COS-7 cells.Immunoprecipitation of Ii showed that GFP-Ii co-isolated with MHCⅠ?-GFP and MHCⅠ?2m-GFP subunits when COS-7 cells were transiently transfected with pEGFP-C1-Ii,pEGFP-N1-MHCⅠ? and pEGFP-N1-MHCⅠ?2m.Conclusion:Chicken Ii can not effectively associate with single ? or ?2m subunits from chicken MHC Ⅰmolecules,but Ii and the integrated MHC Ⅰmolecule can form the complexes that are colocalized in endomembrane system of COS-7 cells.

Objective To evaluate the safety and efficacy of three types of anesthesia methods in elderly patients with coronary heart disease undergoing unilateral lower extremity surgery.Methods Totally 65 patients with coronary heart disease of cardiac function Ⅰ-Ⅱ (NYHA),scheduled for undergoing unilateral lower limb surgery were randomly divided into three groups:local nerve block anesthesia of lumbar plexus plus the sciatic nerve (21 cases),general anesthesia (19 cases),epidural anesthesia (25 cases).Systolic blood pressure (SBP),heart rate (HR),pulse rate and blood oxygen saturation (SPO2) at 0 min,10 min,20 min,30 min,40 min after surgery at the end of the surgery were observed and recorded.The change of troponin Ⅰ (cTnI) at 3 day after surgery was observed.Visual analoguc scales (VAS) scores.movement reaction,the infortnation of muscle relax and corresponding management were recorded in order to detect anesthesia efficacy.Results The excellent and satisfactory rate of anesthesia efficacy of three groups were 17 cases (81.0％) and 4 cases (19.0％),17 eases (89.5％) and 2 cases (10.5％),22 cases (88.0％) and 3 cases (12.0％) (all P＞0.05).In epiduralgroup compared with other groups,SBP were decreased (both P＜0.05).cTnI in nerve stimulator group was decreased (all P＜0.05) at 1 and 3 day after surgery compared with general anesthesia group,and at 3 day after surgery,cTnI level in nerve stimulator group was lower than other two groups(all P＜0.05).Conclusions The nerve stimulator guided nerve block is the most safe method among general anesthesia and epidural anesthesia in elderly patients with coronary heart disease scheduled for lower extremity surgery.

Humans ; Integrative Medicine ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Myelodysplastic Syndromes ; diagnosis ; therapy

Animals ; Apoptosis ; Female ; Male ; Nasal Mucosa ; metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial ; metabolism ; pathology

Objective To study the association between serum total IgE level and β2-adrenoreceptor polymorphism (β2-AR) in asthmatic patients. Methods ELISA was used to determine serum total IgE and AS-PCR was used to determine β2-adrenoreceptor polymor- phism in 44 asthmatic patients. Results In β2-AR 16 locus genotype, the distribution frequencies of Arg/Arg, Gly/Gly showed increasing tendency, whereas Arg/Gly showed decreasing tendency, in normal serum total IgE group and increased serum total IgE group. But there was no significant difference between this two groups. In β2- AR 27 locus genotype, the distribution frequency of Gln/Gln genotype accounts for 76.2% and Gln/Glu genotype for 19.0% in increased serum total IgE group, while Gln/Gln genotype accounts for 9.0% and Gln/Glu geno- type for 73.9% in normal serum total IgE group. There was significant difference between two groups ( P<0.01 ). Conclusions Serum total IgE was correlated with β2-AR 27 locus genetic polymorphism, which may contribute to understand the mechanism of asthma in the peo- ple of the Han nationality in GuiZhou.

Objective To investigate the relationship between interleukin (IL)-28B gene polymorphisms (rs12979860 and rs8099917) and treatment response in patients with chronic hepatitis C in China.Methods Taqman probes single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping methods were used to detect the genotypes of rs12979860 (C/T) and rs8099917 (T/G) located at IL-28B gene in 105 included patients.The patients were treated with standard doses of pegylated interferon plus ribavirin and were followed up regularly for therapeutic response and adverse reaction.The relationship between IL-28B gene polymorphism and antiviral treatment response of patients were analyzed.Categorical data were analyzed using Pearson chi-square test or Fisher exact test.Results Totally 105 cases were included in our study and 2 cases lost to follow-up because of moving away.Eight-one cases (78.6%) of the remaining 103 patients were CC/TT genotype (CC/TT group) at rs12979860 and rs8099917, 19 cases (18.4%) were CT/TG (CT/TG group) and 3 cases (2.9%)were TT/TG (TT/TG group).No other genotypes were detected and linkage disequilibrium was discovered at the two polymorphism loci (r2=0.11).After 4 weeks of treatment, 35 cases (43.2%) in CC/TT group, 3 cases (15.8%) in CT/TG group and non in TT/TG group achieved rapid virological response (RVR).There were statistically significant differences among three groups (P=0.033).After 12 weeks of treatment, 45 cases (55.6%) in CC/TT group, 6 cases (31.6%) in CT/TG group and none in TT/TG group achieved early virological response (EVR).There were statistically significant differences among three groups (P=0.025).At the end of the treatment, 68 cases (83.9%) in CC/TT group, 10 cases (52.6%) in CT/TG group and only 1 case (33.3%) in TT/TG group achieved end-of-treatment response (ETR).There were significant statistical differences among the three groups (P=0.003).After 24 weeks of follow-up, 62 cases (76.5%) in CC/TT group, 9 cases (47.4%) in CT/TG group and 1 case (33.3%) in TT/TG group achieved sustained virological response (SVR).There were statistically significant differences among the three groups (P=0.014).One hundred and one cases in CC/TT group developed adverse events, among them 19 cases needed clinical treatment.There were 43 cases in CT/TG group developed adverse events and 9 cases needed treatment.Seven cases in TT/TG group developed adverse events and only 1 case needed treatment.There were no statistically significant difference among three groups (χ2=0.139,P>0.05).Conclusions The genotype of rs12979860 (C/T) and rs8099917 (T/G) at IL-28B gene could affect the treatment response in patients with chronic hepatitis C.RVR and SVR are higher in patients with genotype CC/TT, which might help to guide HCV treatment.