Animals ; Antioxidants ; pharmacology ; Fatigue ; prevention & control ; Male ; Mice ; Physical Exertion ; physiology ; Random Allocation ; Recombinant Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism ; pharmacology ; Superoxide Dismutase ; genetics ; metabolism ; pharmacology ; Swimming ; physiology

The information entropy, H = - Pk log Pk, has been proved in this paper to be always positive and invariant for a linear coordinate transformation, so that it can be used as a measuring index. On the contrary, the integral term of the information entropy, H(x) = -f(x) log f(x) dx, is not always positive and invariant for a linear coordinate transformation. Therefore, H(x) can not be used as a measuring index. An example of a probability density function for response of nerve to electric current with different intensities is given to confirm above conclusions.

Objective To explore the feasibility of using the consensus of European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People(EWGSOP) to diagnose sarcopenia among community-dwelling women aged from seventy to seventy-nine in Shanghai.Methods Twenty-two healthy community-dwelling women were recruited as the subject group(group S),and another ten young girls were randomly selected as the control group(group C).The anthropometry,bioelectrical impedance analysis(BIA)and dual energy X-ray absorptionmetry(DEXA)were used to evaluate the circumferences of upper and lower limbs,and the dimension of muscle mass,according to relative appendicular skeletal mass(RASM)and skeletal muscle index(SMI).The grip dynamometer and isokinetic dynamometer were used to measure the muscle strength of upper and lower limbs.The ten meters gait speed,functional reach test,timed up and go test,Berg balance scale and short physical performance battery were all applied to assess the physical performance.The criteria of EWGSOP consensus were applied to diagnose the situation of sarcopenia.Results Firstly,the average biceps circumference and fat mass of upper limbs in group S were significantly higher than group C (P＜0.01),while no significant differences were observed in the muscle mass(P＞0.05).Secondly,RASM values gained from BIA and DEXA in S group were significantly higher than C group(P＜0.05),while the SMI values of the former were significantly lower than the latter(P＜ 0.01).Thirdly,absolute grip strength,relative grip strength and other bio-mechanical indexes of lower limbs in the s group were significantly lower than the C group(P＜0.01);the relative grip strength showed significant correlation with most bio-mechanical indexes of lower limbs.Fourthly,the physical performance in group S declined significantly compared with that of the c group(P＜O.05),and no significant correlation was found between muscle strength and physical performance of upper limbs except the absolute grip strength and gait speed.The prevalence was 0％ according to the RASM index,while the prevalence was 63.6％ and 45.4％ according to the BIA and DEXA respectively.Conclusion The assessing pattern from EWGSOP consensus could not be simply copied to applying on Chinese old people due to serious difference between RASM and SMI.The combination of SMI+relative grip strength+ TUG/SPPB/Berg may be better than the classical mode of RASM+absolute grip strength+gait speed in diagnosing sarcopenia.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the relationship between olfactory bulb (OB) volume, depth of olfactory sulcus (OS) and olfactory function in patients with Alzheimer' disease (AD). METHOD: Fifty patients with AD patients and 50 healthy subjects were examined by olfactory function T&T testing, OB volume and depth of OS assessed with Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). RESULT: T&T olfactory testing revealed that AD patients had higher scores than control group (1.50 ± 0.17, 2.80 ± 0.31, P < 0.05). Bilateral and average OB volumes were smaller in AD group [(29.78 ± 5.17) mm3, (30.14 ± 4.87)mm3, (30.05 ± 5.08) mm3] than in control group [(36.65 ± 4.08)mm3, (36.56 ± 4.12)mm3, (36.46 ± 4.11)mm3] (P < 0.01). OS depth study revealed no statistical difference between AD patients and control groups (P > 0.05). Olfactory discriminate threshold was negatively correlated with average olfactory bulb volumes (r = -0. 711, P < 0.05), and was not correlated with depth of OS (r = -0.127, P > 0.05) in AD patients. CONCLUSION The OB volume were lower in AD patients as compare to controls, the depth of OS has no significant changes in AD patients; The OB volume is correlated with olfactory function, the depth of OS is no correlated with olfactory function. Cognitive impairment degree in AD patients is accordance with the lower degree olfactory function. The olfactory loss may be the earlier period and objective diagnosis indicator for AD patients.
Alzheimer Disease ; complications ; physiopathology ; Case-Control Studies ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Olfaction Disorders ; complications ; diagnosis ; Olfactory Bulb ; anatomy & histology

Objective To study the effect of heart function and histopathology after coronary vein bypass grafting.Methods 16 pigs were divided into experimental group and control group.Following 16 pig models of chronic myocardial isehemia of left ventri- cle were established,the left internal mammary artery (LIMA)-great cardiac vein (GCV) anastomasis in 8 pigs were completed 4 week later.After GCV occlusion at proximal,retrograde coronary venous perfusion was afforded.At 8 week,coronary angiography,echo- cardiography and myocardial radioisotope scanning were performed.After harvesting these hearts,histopathologic examination and electron microscope were undertaken.Results All anastomotic vessels of experimental pigs were smooth.LVEF in experimental group was significant higher than that in control group (P

Increasing attention has been focused on the antitumor activity of artemisinin derivatives in recent years, for artemisinin had been reported to have cytotoxic effects against HL-60, P388 and MCF-7 tumor cells. We report here the synthesis and evaluation for antitumor activity of a series of artemisinin-ether derivatives bearing tetrahydropyrrole, morpholine, piperidine, substituted piperidines and azoles with various linkers. Sixteen 10-O-substituted dihydroartemisinin derivatives were designed and synthesized, all of which have never been reported in literatures and whose antiproliferative effects on human breast cancer MCF-7, MCF-7/Adr and HL-60 cells were determined by MTT assay or direct cell counting. Each of these artemisinin derivatives possessed better effects than dihydroartemisinin evidently against HL-60 and MCF-7 cells growth, while less potent than doxorubicin. All target compounds exhibited significantly improved potency compared to DHA and doxorubicin on the doxorubicin-resistant MCF-7/Adr cells, so did they in their sensitive counterparts MCF-7 cells. Among them, compounds GF02, GH04 and ZH04 showed strong activity against these three cell lines growth. Further research is undergoing.

Qi-Gui-Yin (QGY) compound, which composes of five herbal medicines of Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge., Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels, Lonicera japonica Thunb., Artemisia annua L., and Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb.et Zucc., which is able to treat antibiotic-resistant bacteria with antibiotics, and also to delay or even reverse the bacterial resistance producing. However, QGY compound is a complex mixture. And it is very difficult to elaborate its material foundation. Therefore, chemical constituents in five herbal medicines were summarized through searching of the related literatures. And then, 170 kinds of bioactive ingredients were classi-fied in order to provide evidences for the study on chemical constituent of QGY compound and identify its mate-rial foundation of delaying drug resistance .

The present study is to explore the change process and distribution of phosphorylated DARPP-32 (p-DARPP-32) in rat brain including cortex, hippocampus and striatum and to further deduce whether p-DARPP-32 was possibly involved in epilepsy induced by repetitive low doses of pentylenetetrazol (PTZ). PTZ-induced epilepsy model in rat was established with 30 male SD rats randomly divided into 6 groups, control group and five trial groups [PTZ 1 h, PTZ 6 h, PTZ 24 h, PTZ 48 h and PTZ 72 h respectively, after onset of status epilepticus (SE)]. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence double-labeling were used to detect the temporal time change and distribution of p-DARPP-32 expression and to analyze the coexpression of DARPP-32 and p-DARPP-32 in rat brain after the onset of PTZ-induced generalized SE. The results showed that there was a temporal time change of p-DARPP-32 expression in rat brain after the onset of SE. The number of p-DARPP-32-positive cells increased significantly and reached the peaks at the ends of 1 hour and 6 hours after the onset of SE, but decreased at the end of 24 hours. The moderate to strong p-DARPP-32-immunopositive neurons were observed in cortex, hippocampus and striatum, and located in cell cytoplasm and cell nucleus. Further immunofluorescence double-labeling revealed that denser colocalization of p-DARPP-32 and DARPP-32 in the neurons existed in the area mentioned above. Therefore, PTZ-induced SE may cause phosphorylation of DARPP-32 in rat brain. The temporal time change and distribution of p-DARPP-32 suggest that phosphorylation of DARPP-32 may be involved in PTZ-induced epilepsy in rat brain including cortex, hippocampus and striatum, and p-DARPP-32 may play a central role in the onset of SE.
Animals ; Cerebral Cortex ; metabolism ; Corpus Striatum ; metabolism ; Dopamine and cAMP-Regulated Phosphoprotein 32 ; metabolism ; Hippocampus ; metabolism ; Male ; Neurons ; metabolism ; Pentylenetetrazole ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Status Epilepticus ; chemically induced ; metabolism

BACKGROUND:Specific down-regulation of interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) may al eviate the pain behaviors effectively after peripheral nervous injury. Compared with smal interference RNA (siRNA), short hairpin RNA (shRNA) could inhibit the expression of target gene more stably and efficiently. However, simple shRNA could not enter target cel s to down-regulate target gene efficiently. Adenovirus vectors have wide host range, high infection efficiency and stable expression in host cel s.
OBJECTIVE:To construct recombinant adenovirus vector expressing shRNA targeting IL-1βgene and detect its effect on the expression of target gene.
METHODS:Three siRNAs were designed on the basis of the nucleotide sequence of IL-1βobtained from NCBI and then three shRNAs (shRNA1, shRNA2 and shRNA3) were synthesized. The annealed shRNA product and adenovirus vector pHBAd/U6/GFP digested by BamH I and EcoR I were connected to construct the recombinant adenovirus vector shuttle plasmid expressing shRNA targeting IL-1β. After sequencing, HEK 293 cel s were co-transfected by the shuttle plasmid and skeleton vector, and three recombinant adenovirus vector expressing shRNA targeting IL-1β(rAd/shRNA1, rAd/shRNA2 and rAd/shRNA3) were packaged and amplified. Rats H9C2 cel s were infected by recombinant adenovirus vector expressing shRNA targeting IL-1βand fluorescence microscope was used to observe the infection efficiency. The effect of recombinant adenovirus vector expressing shRNA targeting IL-1βon the expression of target gene was detected by western blot assay.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The sequencing results showed that the sequences of three shRNAs adenovirus vector shuttle plasmid were consistent with the sequences of three designed shRNAs. rAd/shRNA1, rAd/shRNA2 and rAd/shRNA3 were constructed successful y. rAd/shRNA1, rAd/shRNA2 and rAd/shRNA3 could down-regulate the expression of IL-1βin rat H9C2 cel s and the down-regulation effect of rAd/shRNA2 was the most significant.

Objective To evaluate the role of interleukin?1β( IL?1β) in activation of N?methyl?D?aspartate ( NMDA) receptors in spinal dorsal horns of rats with neuropathic pain. Methods One hundred twenty?eight pathogen?free healthy adult male Sprague?Dawley rats, weighing 200-250 g, were divided into 4 groups (n=32 each) using a random number table: control group (group C), recombinant adenovirus vector group ( group rAd) , recombinant adenovirus vector shRNA group ( group rAd∕shRNA) , and recom?binant adenovirus vector shRNA plus recombinant adenovirus vector IL?1β group ( group rAd∕shRNA+rAd∕IL?1β) , receiving intrathecally injected equal volume of 0.9% sodium chloride solution, recombinant ade?novirus vector, recombinant adenovirus vector shRNA, and recombinant adenovirus vector shRNA plus re?combinant adenovirus vector IL?1β5 μl, respectively. Chronic compression of dorsal root ganglia was per?formed on 8th day after intrathecal injection. The thermal paw withdrawal latency ( TWL) was measured at 1 day before intrathecal injection ( T0 ) and at 1, 2, 3 and 5 weeks after intrathecal injection ( T1-4 ) . After measurement of the pain threshold at each time point, 8 rats selected randomly were anesthetized and sacri?ficed, and the lumbar enlargement segments of the spinal cord were harvested for determination of the ex?pression of IL?1β and phosphorylated NMDA receptor NR1 subunits at serine 896 ( pNR1S896) in spinal dorsal horns on the injured side by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. Results Compared with group C, the TWL was significantly prolonged, and the expression of IL?1βand pNR1S896 in spinal dorsal horns was significantly down?regulated at T2-4 in group rAd∕shRNA (P<0.05), and no significant change was found in the parameters mentioned above at each time point in group rAd and group rAd∕shRNA+rAd∕IL?1β( P>0.05) . Compared with group rAd, the TWL was significantly prolonged, and the expression of IL?1βand pNR1S896 in spinal dorsal horns was significantly down?regulated at T2-4 in group rAd∕shRNA ( P<0.05) , and no significant change was found in the parameters mentioned above at each time point in group rAd∕shRNA+rAd∕IL?1β (P>0.05). Compared with group rAd∕shRNA, the TWL was significantly short?ened, and the expression of IL?1β and pNR1S896 in spinal dorsal horns was significantly up?regulated at T2-4 in group rAd∕shRNA+rAd∕IL?1β ( P<0.05) . Conclusion IL?1β is involved in the activation of NM?DA receptors in spinal dorsal horns of rats with reuropathic pain.