OBJECTIVE:To draw a comparison between domestic and foreign community pharmacies with regard to con?tents and form of pharmaceutical care research.METHODS:The related literature was retrieved and subjected to induction,generalization,comparison and analysis by reviewing and comparison.RESULTS&CONCLUSION:The pharmaceutical care research in community pharmacy abroad was abundant in theories,scientific in methodology,definite in objective,and substan?tial in content,which serves as a mirror for similar research in China.

OBJECTIVE:To explore pharmacist's cognition on the factors affecting the drugstore-based pharmaceutical care(PC),and to discuss the relationship between the influencing factors and the influencing degree of these factors on pharmacists.METHODS:A questionnaire survey was carried out among pharmacists in drugstores in Xi'an city and a structural equation modeling(SEM)was formed to verify the factors affecting the drugstore-based PC.RESULTS:The questionnaire survey response rate was 84.7%(133/157).The data obtained fit the theoretical model satisfactorily.Partial of the hypotheses have been proved.CONCLUSIONS:According to SEM testing results,the development of trade were positively related to drugstore;drugstore has a direct positive impact on social evaluation,the practice of basic PC and advanced PC in drugstores;the quality of pharmacists has a direct positive impact on the social evaluation and the practice of advanced PC in drugstores.

OBJECTIVE:To evolve the construction of laws®ulations of Chinese pharmaceutical care in drug?stores.METHODS:16sets of standardized documents were sorted and analyzed by a second order analytical method of litera?ture research.RESULTS&CONCLUSION:What Chinese pharmaceutical care of drugstores lacked were laws®ulations,the law order of the current laws®ulations need to be improved,meanwhile the contents of pharmaceutical care should be added to some regulations,and the guided regulations concerning the enforcement,checking and evaluation,monitoring and administration of pharmaceutical care items should be formulated,the pharmaceutical care work of Chinese drugstores should be promoted through the construction of legal system.

Objective The pathogenesis of T2DM has not been elucidated.This study aimed to explore the association of FXR gene polymorphisms with the risk of T2DM in Eastern China population. Methods We collected 467 cases in the Health Examination Center of our hospital from January 2011 to December 2012.Ligase detection reaction was performed to test the genotypes in 240 T2DM patients and 227 controls.Unconditioned logistic regression analysis was used to explore the association of FXR gene polymorphisms with the risk of T2DM in different genetic models, after adjusting for age, sex, smoking and drinking status. Results Compared with AA genotype, GG significantly increased the risk of T2DM (P=0.017), while GA+GG approached marginal significance in association with T2DM (P=0.049) in rs1030454.For rs10860598, GA reduced the incidence of T2DM (P=0.025) compared with AA genotype, while GA+GG had marginal significance with T2DM (P=0.049).For rs11110411, CT or CT+CC could reduce the risk of T2DM compared with TT with P value of 0.016 and 0.024 respectively.Compared with AA, GA or GA+GG in rs17030270 was negative with the risk of T2DM with P value of 0.018 and 0.032 respectively. Conclusion FXR gene polymorphisms are associated with the risk of T2DM in northern Chinese Han population and the variation of FXR gene may play a role in the pathogenesis of T2DM.

Objective To investigate the neuromuscular blocking effects and clinical pharmacology of different dosage of mivacurium chloride in infants during sevoflurane anesthesia. Methods Forty ASA I infants undergoing sevoflurane general anesthesia were randomly assigned to tow groups according to the dose level of mivacurium: group1: 200 μg/kg ( n =20) and group2: 250 μg/kg ( n =20) . TOFs were determined synchronously. The onset time of mivacurium, recovery time of spontaneous breathing and cardiovascular reactions were measured. Results The onset time was significantly shortened in group 2 compared with group 1 (P<0.05) . There was no significant difference in the recovery time of spontaneous breathing between the two groups. 2 minutes after mivacurium was injected, DBP in group 2 decreased significantly compared with baseline and group 1. 3 minutes after mivacurium was injected,SBP in group 2 decreased significantly compared with baseline and group 1. Conclusion In infants undergoing sevoflurane general anesthesia, the onset time of mivacurium can be shortened when 250μg/kg was administered,but the depression of cardiovascular system may occurr simultaneously.

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the meta-analysis effect of pharmaceutical care(PC)program in asthma patients in community pharmacies.METHODS:The author searched 5 electronic databases(China Journal Net,Academic Search Premier(ASP),Blackwell,Elsevier,John Wiley)from 1999 to Mar 2006.And then the randomized controlled trials by the intervention measures of the medicine consultation and health education were made,Moreover,the literatures were selected by 2 valuators.A meta-analysis was conducted by means of Review Manager 4.2 software.RESULTS:We included 4 randomized controlled trials,1 298 asthma patients,homogeneityte test result X2=1.28(P=0.73).Geostatistical analysis is made by fixed effect model.As compared with the control group,the PC program increased patients'PEFRs in PC group significantly(the combined SMD=0.19,95%confidence interval:0.08～0.30(P=0.0 006).CONCLUSION:PC program in community pharmacies is an effective option in asthma prevention and treatment.The pharmaceutical care program in asthma patients in community pharmacies is effective management model of disease.

Bronchi ; Diagnostic Errors ; Female ; Foreign Bodies ; Humans ; Middle Aged

Objective To explore the extent of lung injury induced by hyperoxia,and the activity of ubiquitin-proteasome pathway(UPP) in pathophysiological progress of lung tissue in early stages.Methods Adopted completely random design,20 SD rats were divided into hyperoxia group and air control group.For the air control group,the oxygen concentration exiting the cages was analyzed with oxygen monitor and oxygen concentration remained at 210 mL/L for 72 hours;while in the hyperoxia group,the condition changed into high-density oxygen(950 mL/L) for 72 hours to estimate the hyperoxia lung injury in rats model.The contents linked morphology as pathological classification in gross finding,pathological score of lung injury and the index of pneumonedema-the ratio of moist to dry weight of lungs were mea-sured.The expressions of ubiquitin protein and the activity of proteasome 20 S and the active statement of ubiquitin-proteasome pathway were detected by immunohistochemistry and Western blot methods.Results 1.The hyperoxia lung injury rat model was successfully duplicated.2.In hyperoxia group,pulmonary edema with increased ratio of moist to dry weight of lungs could be found(P=0).3.Macroscopic observation: bright red and full-stacked lung tissue,foliated or local hemorrhage on the surface,but little pleural effusion was observed in hyperoxia group.There was statistical significance of pathological classification in gross finding between hyperoxia group and air control group(P=0.005).Light microscope observation:swelled alveolar epithelium,widened alveoli wall,capillary engorgement and telangiectasis,obvious edema in interstitial tissue of pulmonary aveolus and alveolar space,increased inflammatory cells were observed in hyperoxia group.The findings of pathological score of lung injury indicated more serious injure than control group(P=0).4.The increased expression of ubiquitin protein in lung tissue was discoved by using immunohistochemistry and Western blot findings after hyperoxia exposure 72 hours.(P=0).5.The acti-vity of proteasomes 20 S in hyperoxia group was higher than that in control group(P=0).Conclusions The mainly pathological changes of lung are generated through hyperoxic exposure for 72 hours,including alveolar epithelial cell and vascular endothelial cell injury diffusely,inflammatory cell infiltration and pulmonary edema.Active the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway is connected with the pathophysiological process of lung injury in the initial stages of hyperoxia-exposure.

Objective To investigate the protective effects of the ubiquitin proteasome inhibitor MG-132 on p38 signaling pathway and apoptosis in lung injury induced by hyperoxia. Methods Twenty-six SD rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: normal control group(n=5),MG-132 control group(n=5),hyperoxia group(n=8) and MG-132 hyperoxia group(n=8).Hyperoxia lung injury rat models were established,and proteasome inhibitor(0.5 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally injected in control group and MG-132 hyperoxia group once daily.The resected lungs were histopathologically examined,and cell apoptosis and expression of ubiquitin and p38 were detected by TUNEL and immunohistochemistry,respectively.Results After hyperoxia exposure,there were edema and inflammatory cell infiltration in the lung tissues of SD rats.The apoptosis index and expression of p38MAPK of hyperoxia group were higher than those of normal control group and MG-132 hyperoxia group(P

Amoxicillin ; adverse effects ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; adverse effects ; Child ; Humans ; Male ; Renal Insufficiency ; chemically induced