Objective To evaluate the quality of the examination paper of the theory of Clinical Diagnostics,to explore and reflect on the teaching methods,so as to improve the quality of teaching.Methods Finals results of Clinical Diagnostics including 40 clinical undergraduates of Capital Medical University were analyzed.SPSS 20.0 was used to make analysis of the frequency,means statistics and normality of the examination paper.Kuder Richardson/Cmnbacha formula,percentage unification methods and so on were used to calculate confidence,validity,difficulty and degrees of distinction.Acquisition of relevant knowledge was assessed according to score distribution,while test paper quality was evaluated based on indicators including confidence,validity,difficulty and degrees of distinction.Results Test scores of 40 students were between 61 to 96 (83.64 ± 8.07).The degree of confidence (γ) for choice questions and subjective questions was 0.65 and 0.59 respectively;The validity (V) was 0.27;The overall difficulty (P) of the examination was 0.84;The degrees of distinction (D) were between 0.16 to 0.30.And the total points losing rate was 16.36％.Conclusion The examination is of medium difficulty and good degree of distinction,but the teaching strategies still need further adjustment in order to improve the students' ability of flexible application of the basic knowledge.

OBJECTIVETo explore the potential effect of Guizhi plus Gegen Decoction (GGD) in improving learning and memory of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) induced neuroinflammatory mice and its possible mechanisms.

METHODSTotally 63 male ICR mice were randomly divided into 5 groups, i.e., the normal control (n = 13), the model group (n = 13), the low dose GGD group (n = 10), the high dose GGD group (n = 14), and the positive control group (n = 13). Mice were intraperitoneally injected with LPS (0.33 mg/kg) to induce Alzheimer's disease (AD) model. Mice in the high and the low dose GGD groups were administered with 12 g/kg or 6 g/kg by gastrogavage for 4 successive weeks. Mice in the control group were intraperitoneally injected with minocycline (50 mg/kg) for 3 days. By the end of treatment LPS were injected 4 h before behavior test each day, and then behavior test was conducted in mice of each group. Effect of GGD on learning and memory of AD mice was observed by using open field test, novel object recognition task, and Morris water maze.

RESULTSOpen field test showed there was no statistical difference in the movement time and the movement distance among all groups (P > 0.05), suggesting that LPS and GGD had no effect on locomotor activities of mice. In novel object recognition test, AD mice spent significantly shorter time to explore novel object after they were induced by LPS (P < 0.05), while for AD mice in the low and high dose GGD groups, their capacities for exploration and memory were significantly improved (P < 0. 05, P < 0.01). Results of Morris water maze showed that AD mice exhibited increased escape latency (P < 0.05) and spent much less time in swimming across the original platform (both P < 0.05). However, AD mice in the low and high dose GGD groups had obvious shortened latency and increased time percentage for swimming (P < 0.05, P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONGGD possessed certain improvement in learning and memory disorder of LPS induced AD mice.

Alzheimer Disease ; chemically induced ; drug therapy ; psychology ; Animals ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; therapeutic use ; Lipopolysaccharides ; adverse effects ; Male ; Memory Disorders ; prevention & control ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred ICR ; Neuritis ; chemically induced ; drug therapy ; psychology ; Phytotherapy

Objective To analyze comprehensively the monitoring data of iodized salt in Zhangjiakou city during 2001 to 2009, and to provide basic information for working out control strategies of the iodine deficiency disorders. Methods According to the iodized salt monitoring requirements in National Iodine Deficiency Disorders Monitoring Program of Ministry of Health, a batch of nine salt samples were taken from each processing (wholesale)company of each county or district of the seventeen counties(districts) of Zhangjiakou once a month. Two townships (towns, street offices) were selected by their location of east, south, west and north in each county(district), and a township in central area each year. Four villages(neighborhoods) were selected in each township(town, street office),and eight household salt samples were collected in each village(neighborhood), and quantitatively determined by direct titration of iodine. Results Iodized salt processing(wholesale) : during 2001 to 2009, a total of 1728 batches was monitored, 1689 batch qualified, batch qualification rate 97.74%;15552 salt samples were tested, 15 357 qualified, iodized salt qualification rate 98.75 %. Household salt levels : 5297 villages (neighborhoods) of 1305 townships(towns, street offices) were monitored, 44 316 salt samples were collected, 43 274 qualified, iodized salt qualification rate 98.04%(43 274/44 141 ), iodized salt coverage rate 99.61%(44 141/44 316), qualified iodized salt consumption rate 97.65%(43 274/44 316). Rate of non-iodized salt was 0.40%(260/44 316), and salt median iodine was 30.02 mg/kg. Conclusions The iodized salt quality indicators are within the state-controlled range in Zhangjiakou city for nine years which remaines at relatively stable levels with a smaller range of annual fluctuations.Detection of non-iodized salt over the years has become the main factors affecting the effectiveness of the prevention and control measures.We should increase monitoring,supervision,and universal health education,and prevent the spread of non-iodized salt.

Data quality management system is essential to ensure accurate, complete, consistent, and reliable data collection in clinical research. This paper is devoted to various choices of data quality metrics. They are categorized by study status, e.g. study start up, conduct, and close-out. In each category, metrics for different purposes are listed according to ALCOA+ principles such us completeness, accuracy, timeliness, traceability, etc. Some general quality metrics frequently used are also introduced. This paper contains detail information as much as possible to each metric by providing definition, purpose, evaluation, referenced benchmark, and recommended targets in favor of real practice. It is important that sponsors and data management service providers establish a robust integrated clinical trial data quality management system to ensure sustainable high quality of clinical trial deliverables. It will also support enterprise level of data evaluation and bench marking the quality of data across projects, sponsors, data management service providers by using objective metrics from the real clinical trials. We hope this will be a significant input to accelerate the improvement of clinical trial data quality in the industry.
Benchmarking ; Clinical Trials as Topic ; Data Collection ; standards ; Information Storage and Retrieval ; standards ; Quality Control

OBJECTIVEGas chromatography (GC) was used to investigate the cellular fatty acid (CFA) composition of 141 Acinetobacter baumannii and 32 A. calcoaceticus isolates from different locations in China and to find chemical markers to differentiate these two closely related bacteria.

METHODSWhole cell fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) were obtained by saponification, methylation, and extraction for GC analysis, followed by a standardized Microbial Identification System (MIS) analysis.

RESULTSAll A. baumannii and A. calcoaceticus strains contained some major fatty acids, namely, 18:1 ω9c, 16:0, Sum In Feature 3, 12:0, 17:1ω8c, 3-OH-12:0, 17:0, Sum In Feature 2, 2-OH-12:0, and 18:0 compounds. Although most of the total CFAs are similar between A. baumannii and A. calcoaceticus strains, the ratios of two pairs of CFAs, i.e., Sum In Feature 3/18:1 ω9c versus 16:0/18:1 ω9c and Sum In Feature 3/18:1 ω9c versus unknown 12.484/18:1 ω9c fatty acids, could differentiate these two closely related bacteria. A. baumannii could be easily classified into two subgroups by plotting some ratios such as Sum In Feature 3/16:0 versus 17:0 and Sum In Feature 3/2-OH-12:0 versus 17:0 fatty acids.

CONCLUSIONThe ratios of some CFAs could be used as chemical markers to distinguish A. baumannii from A. calcoaceticus.

Acinetobacter baumannii ; classification ; cytology ; metabolism ; Acinetobacter calcoaceticus ; classification ; cytology ; metabolism ; Biomarkers ; metabolism ; Fatty Acids ; metabolism ; Species Specificity

To explore the antagonistic effect of gingerols against the inflammation induced by lectin from Pinellia ternata. In this study, ELISA method was used to determine the effect of different extracts from gingerols on the release of inflammatory factor TNF-α from macrophages induced by lectin from P. ternata. The fluorescence probe was used to determine the effect of gingerols on the changes in ROS of macrophages induced by lectin from P. ternata. The western-blot method was applied to study the effect of gingerols on the increase in expression of cell receptor interacting protein RIP3 in macrophages induced by lectin from P. ternata. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to study the effect of gingerols on morphological changes in macrophages induced by lectin from P. ternata. According to the results, gingerols can significantly inhibit the release of inflammatory factor from macrophages induced by lectin from P. ternata, ROS overproduction and increase in RIP3 expression. SEM results showed that gingerols can inhibit the cytomorphosis and necrocytosis induced by lectin from P. ternata. Fresh ginger's detoxication may be related to gingerols' effects in inhibiing release of inflammatory factor, ROS overproduction and increase in RIP3 expression caused by macrophages induced by lectin from P. ternata, which are mainly inflammatory development.
Animals ; Catechols ; pharmacology ; Cells, Cultured ; Drug Antagonism ; Fatty Alcohols ; pharmacology ; Ginger ; chemistry ; Lectins ; toxicity ; Macrophages ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred ICR ; Pinellia ; chemistry ; toxicity ; Reactive Oxygen Species ; metabolism ; Receptor-Interacting Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases ; genetics ; metabolism ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; genetics ; metabolism

Ultrasound is used in the diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of cerebral arteriovenous malformation (AVM). Several parameters including flow velocity, flow volume, resistance index, pulsatility index, vasomotor reactivity and their influencing factors are reviewed. The applications of ultrasound in the preoperative evaluation, intraoperative monitor and postoperative follow-up of AVM, are summarized. Although some limits exist, ultrasound can provide more reliable information about AVM, if lesions are classified according to their characteristics, compared in different conditions between preoperation and postoperation, feeding and non-feeding side, patients and healthy adults, and if ultrasound method is combined with other examinations and different developed ultrasound techniques. With the appearance and development of new ultrasound technique, its application will be wider in management of AVM.
Humans ; Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations ; diagnostic imaging ; pathology ; Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial ; methods

Objective To investigate the three-dimensional structure of normal male canine prostat- ic duct and acinus system,and to study the mechanism of intraprostatic urinary reflux(IPUR)resulting from high pressure of the posterior urethra by experiment.Methods Using scanning electron microscopy (SEM)and corrosion casting methods,high pressure of the prostatic urethra was produced based upon IPUR in normal male canines.Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene(ABS)casting solution was injected into 8 Beagle canines'normal prostates to induce intraprostatie resin solution reflux.Results Six casting molds of nor- real canine prostate specimens were obtained,and the casting failed in 2.By corrosion and casting treatment, the prostate appeared to consist of several glandular lobes.The columnar apophyses of glandular surface were observed.The most glandular ducts pointed outward from urethral peristome.Each glandular duct system was made up of many bifurcated branches from the bough as a duct tree.More than 90% of the bifurcations were Y-shaped,and 6 bifurcated branches were rarely seen.The tip of the duct was vesicular.The diameter and length of the bough were(0.37?0.14)mm and(1.14?0.04)mm,respectively.The intersectional angle of urethra and peripheral glandular duct was the biggest.Peripheral glandular duct was perpendicular or con- verse to urinary flow.Peripheral glandular aeinus appeared elliptic and velvet.The mesh-like and crater-like depressions were shown on the surface of central glandular aeinus.Ejaculatory ducts independently and branchlessly entered the urethra.Conclusions The resin corrosion casting methods combined with SEM can clearly show the three-dimensional structure of normal male canine prostatic duct and acinus system. IPUR may easily occur in the peripheral glands from the morphological view.It is suggested that prostatitis occurs more commonly in peripheral glands,confirming a fact that high pressure of the posterior urethra can induce IPUR.

Objective To investigate water fluoride content and the current status of water-improving project in Jining,Shandong Province in 2005.Methods Water fluoride content and the status of water-lmprovlng project were havestigated in Bencheng Ditrict,Liangshan and Jiaxiang Couties of Jining City.The fluoride content in drinking warer was assessed by F-ion selective electrode.Results Water fluoride contents of 671 fluorosis villages were determined.One hundred and seventy villages had water fluoride content less than or equal to 1.00 mg/L(accounting for 25.34%)and 501 villages water fluoride content higher that 1.00 mg/L(accounting for 74.66%),with the highest being 11.33 mg/L.Four hundred and ninty.seven projects were surveyed,in which 161 Projects were discarded (accounting for 32.39%),334 projeets worked well(accounting for 67.20%),and 2 pmjects worked fitfully(accounting 0.40%).Two hundreds and eighty-one projects had water fluoride content≤1.00 ms/L and 55 projects had water fluofide cantent>1.00 mg/L(aceounting for 26.82%),with the highest being 4.28 ms/L.Conclusions The situation of endemic fluorosis control is still serious in Jining City.Countermeasures for endemic fluorosis must be carried out as sppm as possible and surveillance of water-improving and defluoridation projects must be strevIsthend.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the association of interleukin 6 gene (IL-6) promoter region 634C/G (rs1800796) single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) with the genetic susceptibility to endometriosis (Ems) in south Han Chinese women.

METHODSA case-control study was performed in 432 Ems patients and 499 control women to evaluate the SNP of IL-6 634C/G by using a fluorescent quantitative PCR-based high resolution melting (HRM) method.

RESULTSThere were statistical significances in the IL-6 634C/G alleles, whether or not to carry allele G and genotype distributions between Ems patients and control women (P=0.032, 0.014 and 0.045, respectively). Allele C enhanced the risk of Ems 1.057 times while allele G reduced the risk of Ems 0.835 time. Carrying allele G reduced the risk of Ems 0.822 time, whereas not carrying allele G enhanced the risk of Ems 1.143 times. Compared with genotype CC, the risk of Ems with genotype CG reduced 0.704 time (95% CI: 0.533-0.931). There was no significant difference in whether or not carrying allele G distribution between Ems patients and control women (P=0.729).

CONCLUSIONThe present study demonstrated significant association between the SNP of IL-6 634C/G and genetic susceptibility to Ems in south Han Chinese women.

Alleles ; Case-Control Studies ; Endometriosis ; genetics ; Female ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; genetics ; Genotype ; Humans ; Interleukin-6 ; genetics ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; genetics