Objective To explore the effectiveness of short-term integrated intervention to reduce discrimination against people living with HIV/AIDS(PLWHA)among medical students.Methods A quasi-experimental survey was conducted.Two medical schools in Beijing,one as intervention group and the other as control group were selected by convenience sampling,from which 123 undergraduate students or interns of medical and nursing specialties were recruited,62 in the intervention group and 61 in the control group.The intervention group was provided with 13 hour long antidiscrimination intervention by increasing HIV/AIDS related knowledge,sympathy and skill in dealing with people living with HIV/AIDS,while the control group was deprived of any intervention.The attitude of the students in the 2 groups were assessed by questionnaire survey in 5 time points after the intervention.Results Compared with the control group,at 4 time points after the intervention students in the intervention group had less discrimination against PLWHA in general;and significantly less discrimination in dealing with them as patients(P

As an efficient gene transfer vehicle lentiviral vector has been widely used in therapy research. Comparing with other retrovirus vectors, lentiviral vectors have the unique ablility of transfecting nondividing cells and terminal differentiated cells. In addition, lentiviral vectors can accommodate two or more promoters and can carry larger foreign gene insertions. Now the new generation of lentiviral vectors encoding transcriptional control sequence provides effective means for the regulation of foreign gene expression. The development of lentiviral vectors and its application in the gene therapy field were summarized.

Objective:To observe the living cells on the surface of intraocular lenses and to compare the cellular numbers and morphology of prestaining to that of poststaining.Methods:Twenty adult pigment rabbit eyes were given posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation.Lenses were extracted and put into 1640 cell cultural liquid immediately on the 1 st,3 rd,7 th,14 th and 28 th day respectively after operatrion.The samples were observed under inverted phase contrast microscope subsequently.Results:We found cells deposited on the surface of lenses from 1 st to 28 th day after operation.These cells contracted and lost three-demensional appearance while its number was less than that of prestaining obviously.Conclusion:A part of cells remove from the surface of lenses during staining;however,we could count the number but could not affirm cellular types which would make error in cellular classification and counting.The fact suggests that we should discover new accurate and reliable methods to avoid mistakes during experiment.

OBJECTIVE: To observe the protective effects and mechanisms of Yiqi Huoxue Jiedu Recipe traditional Chinese medicine on cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury. METHODS: SD rats were r andomly divided into sham-operation group, model group, saponin group, flavonoids group, polysaccharide group, combination group of saponin, flavonoids and polysaccharide, and nimodipine group. Using focal middle cerebral artery embolization(MCAO) model, the symptoms of neurological deficit score were observed;the infarct volume, brain index, brain water content, SOD activity, the contents of MDA, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α of ischemic brain tissue, the expressions of Bcl-2 and Bax proteins, and the quantity of nissl Body were determined. RESULTS: The combination with saponin, flavonoids and polysaccharide, the main active part of Yiqi Huoxue Jiedu Recipe, could significantly reduce the symptoms of neurological deficits, promote the recovery of neurological deficits, narrow infarct volume of brain tissue, reduce the percentage of infarct volume, brain index and brain water, raise SOD activity, reduce the contents of MDA, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α of ischemic brain tissue. It also increased Bcl-2protein, reduced Bax expression and reperfusion significantly. The reduction or disappearance of nissl body was inhibited. CONCLUSION: The combination with saponin, flavonoids and polysaccharide has significant protective effects on ischemic brain injury.

The precise measurement in lens thickness in vivo, provides great application value for intraocular accommodation and ametropia development mechanism research.And it has great clinical significance for the diagnosis and treatment of glaucoma and cataract.Currently, many ultrasonic methods and optical methods are used in measuring lens thickness.The measurement principles, advantages, disadvantages and the accuracy of the instruments are summarized in this paper.Among these methods, Orbscan II, Pentacam, Lenstar and AS-OCT can be used to measure lens thickness instead of A-scan.More important is the fact that UL-OCT can dynamically monitor the change of the lens thickness with intraocular accommodation.Choosing an instrument with higher measuring accuracy to examine the lens thickness, can provide more accurate and convincing lens thickness data for clinical and scientific research.

ObjectiveTo assess the degree of pain in elderly patients with mechanical ventilation in ICU using critical-care pain observation tool(CPOT) and to choose the correct sedative and analgesic method.Methods 110 elderly patients in ICU after neurosurgery were divided into three assessment stages,every stage had two record points and total six points (T1-T6):the first stage (intubation and unconsciousness,T1-T2),the second stage (intubation and consciousness,T3T4 ) and the third stage(extubation and consciousness,T5-T6 ).Among them T1,T3and T5were nonnocuity assessment points of every stage,while T2,T4 and T6 were nocuity assessment points of every stage.The assessment time was one minute at every point.After recorded at every point in second and third stages,patients were asked to use the pain intensity descriptive scale (PIDS) themselves.CPOT,heart rate and mean arterial pressure (MAP) from T1 to T6 were recorded as well as PIDS from T3 to T6 in second and third stages.Results In the three stages,CPOT〔(26.8 vs.0.54,3.36 vs.1.20,2.78 vs.0.68) scores〕,HR〔(95 vs.85,94 vs.82,94 vs.84)beat/min〕 and MAP〔(95 vs.85,95 vs.87,94 vs.87)mm Hg〕 at T2,T4and T6 were higher than T1 (t=-42.89,-55.95,-55.38),T3 (t =- 5.52,- 11.33,- 11.78) and T5 ( t =- 5.54,- 9.95,- 11.33 ) ( P＜ 0.05 ).The PIDS at T4 and T6were higher than at T3and T5in the second and third stages 〔(2.52 vs.1.69,2.12 vs.1.44)scores〕 (P＜0.05).The correlation coefficient between CPOT and PIDS at T3 and T4 in the second stage were 0.49 and 0.58,respectively (P＜0.05),and between CPOT and PIDS at T5 and T6 were 0.52 and 0.59 in the third stage,respectively (P ＜ 0.05),and they both reached moderate correlation.ConclusionsCPOT may be an effective way to assess the degree of pain in elderly patients with mechanical ventilation at present.

The efficacy of colorectal cancer treatment is not very satisfactory.Conventional morphologic imagings are limited in the diagnosis and in the applications of multimodality treatment for colorectal cancer.18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET-CT can play a pivotal role in detecting metabolism changes and in the localization of lesions concurrently.It is valuable in the assessment of responses to therapy,prediction of prognosis and selecting modality management and monitoring postoperative recurrence.The right-moment and proper application of PET-CT can increase the therapeutic efficacy of colorectal cancer.

Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are present in the peripheral blood,and play an important role in the recurrence and metastasis of lung cancer.As the researches about CTCs and targeted therapy move along,it is found that CTCs can be used as a liquid tumor tissue to guide clinical treatment and have a certain significance in the clinical staging and prognosis evaluation of lung cancer.

Objective To compare the axial length (AL) measured by Lenstar and contact A-Scan in the patients with idiopathic macular hole and study the correlation between the difference of the two measurements and the foveal thickness measured by optical coherence tomography (OCT).Methods Twenty-seven eyes of 26 idiopathic macular hole patients (IMH group) and 27 eyes of 25 patients with mild cataract (control group) were enrolled in this study.Foveal thickness was measured with 3D OCT.The AL was measured by Lenstar and contact A-Scan,and the consistency of the two measurements was determined by Bland Altman analysis.The correlation between the difference of the two measurements and foveal thickness was analyzed by Pearson correlation analysis.Results Mean foveal thickness of IMH and control eyes were (372.85±60.02) μm and (243.44±22.50) μm,respectively.The difference between the foveal thickness of the two groups was highly significant (t=-10.490,P＜0.001).In the IMH group,the AL measured by Lenstar and contact A-Scan were (23.20± 1.12) mm and (23.18± 1.13) mm,respectively,the difference between the two measurements was not statistically significant (t =-0.549,P =0.588),whereas in the control group,the AL was (23.41 ± 0.72) mm by Lenstar and (23.33 ± 0.74) mm by contact A-Scan,the two measurements were significantly different (t=-4.832,P＜0.001).However,no correlation was found by Pearson correlation analysis between the difference of the two measurements and the foveal thickness in either IMH or control group (r=0.181,-0.141; P＞0.05).Conclusions Although there is no difference of axial length measurements using Lenstar and contact A-Scan in IMH eyes,in clinical measurements the results of two instruments should be taken into comprehensive consideration.

Objective To observe the effect of propofol on phosphorylation of a-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxa-zolep-propionate receptors (AMPARs) GluR1 subunit and long-term potentiation (LTP) in cultured hippocampal neurons in aged rats.Methods A total of 30 18-month-old rats were decapitated,the brains were rapidly removed and hippocampal slice were prepared.The slices were randomly divided into control group (perfused with artificial cerebrospinal fluid,n=10),propofol-treated group (perfused with propofol in artificial cerebrospinal fluid,n=10)and propofol+ phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA)-treated group (perfused with propofol and phorbol ester in artificial cerebrospinal fluid,n=10).Extracellular excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSP) were recorded from the CA1 region of hippocampal slices.After perfusion for 20 min,LTP was induced using higher-frequency stimulation (HFS,100Hz,400 pulse) by the Schaffer-collateral pathway.The phosphorylation of AMPA-GluR1 subunit was assayed in cultured rat neurons by Western blot.Results The value of EPSP in propofol-treated group (105.50 ± 3.77) was much lower than in control group (242.10±14.68) and in propofol+ PMA-treated group (239.40±8.98) (F=2.90,P＜0.05),and there was no significant difference in the value of EPSP between control group and propofol+ PMA-treated group (P＞0.05).The level of P-Glu1/Glu1in propofol-treated group (0.68±0.15) was much lower than in control group (1.67±0.20) and in propofol+PMA-treated group (1.57±0.18) (F=6.84,P＜0.05),while there was no difference in the level of P-Glu1/Glu1 between control group and propofol + PMA-treated group (P ＞ 0.05).There was no difference in the value of GluR1/β-actin among the three groups (F=0.31,P＞0.05).Conclusions Propofol possesses the ability to inhibit LTP induction and attenuate AMPA receptor GluR1 subunit phosphorylation through modulation of PKC pathway.