Confronted with many problems such as the aged population, increase in the demand for long-term care and financial pressure resulted from the previously defective social security system, after years of efforts, Germa-ny eventually succeeded in putting forward an effective national compulsory long-term care system in 1994 . The sys-tem which is based on the original health insurance system and supports multiple payments involves both local govern-ments and private organizations. Specific rules are clarified in terms of the insurance relations, application qualifica-tions, payment conditions and financial mechanism. Shares and contributions of the long-term care have been in-creased after years of practice. Besides, the number of applicants and beneficiaries is rising. Yet on the other hand, problems and controversies still exist in service quality, qualifications and contents for application and financial mech-anism. Germany’s experience in improving the social security system, the quality management of long-term care and effective control of financial balance serves as a significant reference for China in planning and implementing long-term care insurance system.

Objective To investigate the change of P300 of the attention - deficit/hyperactivity disorder children before and after they took litalin, according to this objective subject to guide the clinical treatment of ADHD children. Methods Using the looking se-ducible electricity stimulates 22 ADHD children, and check the change of latency and the rate of the wave before and after they took litalin. Results After ADHD children took litalin, their latency of P300 has decreased clearly, and the amplitude had no change. Conclusion The changes of P300 latency in ADHD children after they took litalin can be adopted as the guidelines of clinical treatment for the ADHD children.

Objective To investigate the clinical and imaging features of Foot-Yangming meridian-muscle syndrome of knee osteoarthritis(KOA) so as to promote the normalization and standardization of the meridian-muscle therapies. Methods A total of 31 KOA cases (involving 31 knees) of Foot-Yangming meridian-muscle syndrome were included into the study group , and 31 healthy volunteers (involving 31 knees) served as the control group. A retrospective research of patellofemoral relationship was carried out based on the clinical and imaging features. Results The differences of Insall index and patella index between the study group and control group were insignificant(P> 0 . 05), but the differences of patellofemoral index , patellofemoral congruence angle, and external patellar angle between the study group and control group were significant(P<0.01). Conclusion The patellofemoral relationship disorder is one of main lesions in Foot-Yangming meridian-muscle syndrome of KOA.

OBJECTIVE To observe the effect of Qi Kwai Granule particles on the expression of in-terleukin 6 (IL-6), monocyte chemotactic protein 1(MCP-1) and transforming growth factor-β1(TGF-β1) in diabetic nephropathy(DN)rats and evaluate the protective effect of Qi Kwai Granule particles against renal injury of diabetic nephropathy. METHODS This experiment adopts adopted the high-sugar-high-fat diet and intraperitoneal injection of 2％ STZ+unilateral renal ligation to establish rat model of diabet-ic nephropathy.50 model rats were then randomly divided into model group,Irbesartan group,Qi Kwai Granule particles of high, medium, low dose group, 10 rats in each group. 10 normal rats were set as the sham operation group.Intragastric administration for 8 weeks were measured in rats.Measure the value of rat blood glucose by blood glucose meter,the determination of serum interleukin 6(IL-6)con-tent by ELISA, the expression of MCP-1 and TGF-β1by immunohistochemistry method. The value of rat blood glucose were measured by blood glucose meter.Serum interleukin 6(IL-6)were determinat-ed by ELISA.Expression of MCP-1 and TGF-β1were evaluated by immunohistochemistry method.RE-SULTS The blood glucose of Qi Kwai Granule particles of high,medium groups were decreased com-pared with those of the model group(P<0.05).The content of IL-6 of Qi Kwai Granule particles of high, medium groups were reduced(P<0.01). The content of MCP-1, TGF-β1in kidney of Qi Kwai Granule particles of high, medium, low dose groups were decreased (P<0.01). CONCLUSION Qi Kwai parti-cles have protective effect on renal tissue of diabetic nephropathy rats.Its mechanism might be related to the decrease of blood glucose value and IL-6,the inhibition of the expression of MCP-1 and TGF-β1.

Arsenic and its species in dry seafood products(DSPs) Kelp, Sargassum fusiform, Laver, Enteromorpha prolifera, were systematically determined by high performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(HPLC-ICP-MS). It was found that the of arsenic species in botanic DSPs are three unknown arsenicals(U_2, U_3 and U_4), which are speculated as arsenosugars and take approximate 63.5% 92.7% of all arsenic species detected. These arsenosugars were indentified as dimethylarsinic(DMA)-glycerol ribose, DMA-phosphate ribose and DMA-sulfate ribose by their accuracy molecular weight 329.0599, 483.0738 and 409.0162, using direct confirmatory of HPLC-TOF-MS. The quantitative analysis of these arsenic species shows that although the total arsenic exceeds the National Standard value, most of the marine plants DSPs are safe to eat. The main component in most marine plants is DMA-sulfate ribose(51.1%-80.3%), while the main component of Kelp is DMA-phosphate ribose(48.9%). The sum of those three arsenosugars was 63.5%-92.7% of peak areas in all arsenic species detected.

Moderate drought stress has been found to promote the accumulation of active ingredients in Glycyrrhiza uralensis root and hence improve the medicinal quality. In this study, the transcriptomes of 6-month-old moderate drought stressed and control G. uralensis root (the relative water content in soil was 40%-45% and 70%-75%, respectively) were sequenced using Illumina HiSeq 2000. A total of 80,490 490 and 82 588 278 clean reads, 94,828 and 305,100 unigenes with N50 sequence of 1,007 and 1,125 nt were obtained in drought treated and control transcriptome, respectively. Differentially expressed genes analysis revealed that the genes of some cell wall enzymes such as β-xylosidase, legumain and GDP-L-fucose synthase were down-regulated indicating that moderate drought stress might inhibit the primary cell wall degradation and programmed cell death in root cells. The genes of some key enzymes involved in terpenoid and flavonoid biosynthesis were up-regulated by moderate drought stress might be the reason for the enhancement for the active ingredients accumulation in G. uralensis root. The promotion of the biosynthesis and signal transduction of auxin, ethylene and cytokinins by moderate drought stress might enhance the root formation and cell proliferation. The promotion of the biosynthesis and signal transduction of abscisic acid and jasmonic acid by moderate drought stress might enhance the drought stress tolerance in G. uralensis. The inhibition of the biosynthesis and signal transduction of gibberellin and brassinolide by moderate drought stress might retard the shoot growth in G. uralensis.
Droughts ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Glycyrrhiza uralensis ; genetics ; Plant Roots ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Stress, Physiological ; Transcriptome

Adult ; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols ; therapeutic use ; Cyclophosphamide ; therapeutic use ; Cystadenocarcinoma, Papillary ; pathology ; Dactinomycin ; therapeutic use ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Ependymoma ; drug therapy ; metabolism ; pathology ; surgery ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein ; metabolism ; Humans ; Hysterectomy ; Ovarian Neoplasms ; drug therapy ; metabolism ; pathology ; surgery ; Ovariectomy ; Teratoma ; pathology ; Vimentin ; metabolism ; Vincristine ; therapeutic use

Background Salivary transplantation or duct transposition can provide continuous physiological secretion of tear substitutes.This may be an ideal method in treatment of dry eye.But the relative anatomical literatures is few,and some of the conclusions in the literatures are still controversial,which limit its clinical application.Objective This study was to discuss the possibility and the advantage and disadvantage of applying three major salivary glands to treat xerophthalmia.Methods The relationship between the branches of the facial nerve out of the parotid gland and the salivary glands,the salivary glands size,origin of blood supply,out diameter of vessels and adjacent relation were observed in 34 sides pate specimens perfused with red latex under the operating microscope.To find the vessels in recipient site to anastomose,the vessels around fossa orbitalis and forehead were anatomized and observed.The parotid gland duct transfer operation,the submandibular gland free transplantation surgery and sublingual gland free transplantation surgery in the human anatomy specimens were simulated.Results The position of parotid duct was constant.The duct length was(4.20± 1.10) cm,duct diameter was (O.60±0.30) cm.The stensen's duct was likely to be prolonged by the cheek mucous membrane or venous andthe damage of buccal branch,zygomatic branch and temporal branches of facial nerve should be avoided during the operation of transplanting stensen' s duct.When submandibular gland was transplanted,facial vessel was taken as its pedicle,whose outside diameter was (2.70 ± 0.28) mm,and the length of the transplant vascular pedicle was (1.90 ± O.30) cm.Thc anastomosed vessel was superficial temporal vessel in recipient site.When sublingual gland was transplanted,sublingual(88.2％,30 sides) or submental vessel(11.8％,4 sides) was taken as its pedicle,whose outside diameter was(1.92±0.36) mm and (1.96±0.54) mm,and the length of the transplant vascular pedicle was(2.60± 1.10) cm and(3.50±0.40) cm,and the anastomosed vessel was the frontal branch of superficial temporal vessel in recipient site.Three sides of specimens lacked sublingual glands.Conclusions It is feasible that treating severe xerophthalmia by the operation of grafting the major salivary glands or transplanting stensen' s duct on the point of anatomical view.Parotid duct inversion and the submandibular gland transplantation have been applied to clinic.However,sublingual transplantation remains to be further confirmed by the animal experiments.

Objective The palliation of dysphagia in metastatic esophageal cancer remains a challenge ,and the optimal approach for this difficult clinical scenario is not clear .We therefore sought to define and determine the efficacy of various treatment options used at our institution for this condition .Methods Methods We reviewed a prospective database for all patients managed in an e-sophageal cancer referral centre over a 5-year period .All patients receiving palliation of malignant dysphagia were reviewed for de-mographics ,palliative treatment modalities ,complications ,and dysphagia scores (0= none to 4= complete) .The Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to determine significance (P<0 .05) .Results During 2005~2010 ,80 patients with inoperable esophageal cancer were treated for palliation of dysphagia .The primary treatment was radiotherapy in 66% ,metal stenting in 21% and radiotherapy combined with stent in 13% .Mean duration of treatment was 1 day in he stent group and 40 days in the radiotherapy group(P=0 . 001) .In patients treated initially by stenting ,dysphagia improved within 2 weeks of treatment in 82% of patients(dysphagia score of 0 or 1) .However ,18% of patients presented with recurrence of dysphagia at 10 weeks of treatment .In the radiotherapy group , the onset of palliation was slower ,with only 50% of patients palliated at 2 weeks(dysphagia score of 0 or 1) .However ,long-term palliation was more satisfactory ,with 90% of patients remaining palliated after 10 weeks of treatment .Conclusion In inoperable e-sophageal cancer at our centre ,radiation treatment provided durable long-term relief ,but came at a high price of a long wait time for initiation of treatment and a long lag time between initiation of treatment and relief of symptoms .On the other hand ,stenting pro-vided more rapid and effective early relief from symptoms ,but was affected by recurrence of dysphagia in the long-term .

Laparoscopic curative gastrectomy has been widely adopted because it is minimal invasiveness.The efficacy of laparoscopic gastrectomy is comparable to that of open gastrectomy for patients with early or advanced gastric cancer,but few studies of laparoscopic total gastrectomy combined with distal pancreatectomy and splenectomy for patients with advanced gastric cancer have been reported.Seven patients with advanced gastric cancer received laparoscopic total gastrectomy combined with distal pancreatectomy and splenectomy at the First Hospital of Jilin University from September 2010 to September 2011.The mean operation time,blood loss,postoperative hospital stay and the nunber of lymph nodes resected were (218 ± 24) minutes,(366 ± 174) ml,( 14.6 ± 2.8 ) days and 32 ± 15,respectively.Two patients were complicated by pancreatic juice leakage and were cured with drainage. No anastomotic leakage,abdominal bleeding or mortality was observed. With the development of techniques and equipments,laparoscopic total gastrectony combined with distal pancreatectomy and splenectomy is safe and feasible in selected patients.