BACKGROUND: Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is caused by a genetically novel coronavirus that is caused by acute infectious disease. It is not yet clear for the immunology function of SARS patients in their convalescent stage.OBJECTIVE: To study the effects on T lymphocyte, and the titer profiling of 24 T cell receptor (TCR) V β subfamilies expressions in SARS convalescent patients.DESIGN: A self-control observation.SETTING: Central Laboratory, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine.PARTICIPANTS: Seventy-six cured SARS patients who received treatment in the Second Hospital Affiliated to Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine between January and April 2003. All the patients corresponded to "clinical diagnostic criteria of atypical pneumonia", " diagnostic criteria of severe atypical pneumonia and discharge criteria" and "clinical diagnostic criteria and discharge criteria of severe acute respiratory syndrome". The involved patients, 30 male and 46 female, averaged (32±11 (years old. Another 10 subjects who simultaneously received health examination in the same hospital, 5 male and 5 female, aged (32±7(years, were involved in the study. Informed consents of detected items were obtained from all the subjects.METHODS：①Detecting the expression of 24 T cell receptor(TCR)V β subfamilies in SARS convalescent patients：Peripheral blood(2 mL) was collected from the healthy convalescent subjects,and EDTA-K2 was used as anticoagulant．In the flow cytometry delection tubes．10 μL various fluorescein-labeled mAb，such as anti-CD3,anti-CD4，anti-CD8,anti-CD25，anti-CD28，anti-HLA-DR，anti-CD3mAb conjugated with PC5，TCR Vβ1(PE+FITC)．Vβ2(PE+FITC)。Vβ3 (FITC)，Vβ4(PE+FITC)，Vβ5．1(PE+FITC),Vβ5．2(PE),Vβ5．3(PE)，Vβ7．1(PE+FITC)，Vβ7．2(FITC),Vβ8(FITC),Vβ9 (PE)，Vβ11(PE)，Vβ12(FITC)，Vβ13．1(PE),Vβ13．2(PE),Vβ13．6(PE+FITC)，Vβ14(FITC),Vβ16(FITC),Vβ17 (PE+FITC)，Vβ18(PE)，Vβ20(FITC)，Vβ21．3(FITC),Vβ22(PE+FITC)and Vβ23(PE)，was added in special flow tubes,and then 50 μL whole blood was added．The mixed solution was incubated away from light for 15 minutes．After erythrocytolysin being added，mixed solution was washed．Finally．cell deposit was dissolved in 300 μl phosphate buffer solution (PBS)．Coulter ESP flow cytometer was used for detection．For the analysis of TCR expression,an electronic gate was set on these cells and at least 5000 events per sample were collected．Three-color cytofluodmetric analysis was performed using a Coulter ESP flow cytometer．②Detecting the T cell subset,activated T and B cells,and the percentage of Ts and Tc cells：5000 cells were collected and used to calculate the expression of T cells (CD3,CD4 and CD8),the activated T and B cells(CD3+／CD25+,CD3+/HLA-DR+ and CD3-／HLA-DR+),as well as the percentage of Ts and Tc cells by Coulter ESP flow cytometer and its software．MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES：①The change of T cell subset(CD3，CD4，and CD8)from SARS convalescent patients．②The change of activated T and B cells(CD3+／CD25+，CD3+／HLA-DR+ and CD3-／HLA-DR+)．③The percentage of Ts and Tc cells(CD8+／CD28+，CD8+/CD28-)in convalescent patients．④Analysis of the 24 TCR V β subfamilies from SARS patients in convalescence．RESULTS：All data were explored to analyze the expression profiling of 24 TCR Vβ subfamilies,the data from 74 SARSpatients and 10 healthy controls were explored to other result analysis．①The detecting results of T celI subset：The percentage of CD4+T cell mean value was lower than the reference value[(33．33±6．64)％ vs．(43±9)％，P＜0．01]．The percentage of CD8+T cell mean value was higher than the refefence value[(34．07±6．40)％ vs．(30±9)％,P＜0．01]．② The expression of activated T and B cells：Percentage of HLA-DR+ T and B cell was Increased while the percentage of CD25+ T-cell was decreased compared with reference values．In 53 out of 74 patients,the percentage of CD25+ T cells was lower than the reference value,and 64 patients had a lower percentage in CD3+/CD25+ T cells．The percentages of CD3+/HLA-DR+ and CD3-／HLA-DR+ cells were higher than the normal reference value．T cells expressing higher CD3+／HLA-DR+ were found in 36 patients，and T cells expressing higher CD3-/HLA-DR+ were found in 30 patients．③The ratios of Ts and Tc cells：The percentage of Ts cells which expressed CD8+／CD28- was increased compared with reference value [(28．75±7．31)％ vs．(15．99±5．1)％，P＜0．01],while the percentage of Tc cells which expressed CD8+／CD28+ was decreased [(5．99±3．60)％ vs．(13．2±4．1)％，P＜0．01]．Thirty-nine patients were found to possess the lower Tc cells and forty-eight patients were found to possess the higher Ts cells．The ratios of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were in the normal reference value．④24 TCR Vβ subfamilies expressions in T cells：It was noteworthy that Vβ14 had a highest percentage in all 24 Subfamilies,and followed by Vβ 5．3,and Vβ 23 in the convalescent patients．The percentage of Vβ 14 was the highest in the normal controls,which was consistent with the results of SARS patients．But the other subfamilies expression patterns were different．There were significant differences between Vβ1,Vβ5．2,Vβ5．3,Vβ7．2，Vβ9，Vβ11,Vβ13．1,Vv13．2，Vβ17,Vβ18，Vβ22 and Vβ23．In the convalescent period，each TCR Vβ expression of SARS patients was higher than that of controls(P＜0．05-0．01)．CONCLUSION:In SARS convalescent patients,the increased CD8+CD28- T cell may elevate CD8+ T cell number;Meanwhile.the reduced CD3+ and CD4+ T cell number may be corresponding to the increased Ts cell number．For some inhibiting factor secreted by Ts cell was also increased．The usage pattern of 24 TCR Vβ subfamilies in SARS patients is different from that of control group．The increase of percentage of CD3+／HLA-DR+ and CD3-／HLA-DR+ T cell may be related to the late response of activated T and B cells.

Objective To identify the effect of health risk behaviors on accidental injury of adoles-cents.Then analyze the strength and approach of the health risk behaviors. Methods Cluster sampling on various stages and strata methods was adopted. The adolescents from grade one to three in junior school students and grade one to three in senior high school students completed the questionaire. A total of 4408 students were surveyed and 4309 samples were valid. Path analysis was used to understand how factors could influence injury incidence. Results The incidence of adolescent injury was 15.53%. Statistical differences were found between genders (male 17.77%,female 13.36%,χ2=15.91, P<0.01),education levels (junior high school 17.36%,senior high school 13.99%,χ2=11.45, P<0.01) and cities ( Beijing 12.97%,Zhongs-han 17.95%,χ2=20.33, P<0.01) . Those who got injured were found with more health risk behaviors. Health risk behavior was the direct influencing factor to injury,as well as a possible risk factor to multiple injuries. Conclusion Health risk behaviors can strongly affect adolescent injury,and can be an indicator. Reducing health risk behaviors is important in adolescent injury prevention.

Objective: To investigate the effect of recombinant BCG secreting IL-2 (rBCG-IL-2) on peritoneal macrophages of mouse and inquire into the effect of rBCG-IL-2 on immunity of host. Methods: Gene engineering technology, electricity transfer- ence and inoculation tumor cell are adopted; MTT assay is used to determine tumoricidal effect of macrophages. Results: Tumo- ricidal effect of macrophages of rBCG-IL-2 groups was higher than those of the control coups and BCG groups, and the tumorici- dal effect of macrophages could reach a high state in a week. Conclusion: rBCG-IL-2 can raise tumoricidal effect of macrophages, improve immunity of host and is a prospect biological preparation.

Objective To explore the immunosuppression effects,outcomes and clinical significance of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) transplantation in burn treatment by comparing the levels of WBC,C-reaction protein (CRP),interferon-γ(IFN-γ),interferon-o (TNF-α),interleukin-6 (IL-6),interleukin-10 (IL-10) between control burn models and models conducting MSCs transplantation.Methods After stripping Wharton's Jelly from the neonatal umbilical cord,MSCs was cultured and expanded.Burn models were constructed in male SD rats weighted at (200± 5) g,and randomly grouped for control and MSCs transplantation.The rats in transplantation group were injected subcutaneously with hUCMSCs (1.5× 106) at 24 h after burning.The content of WBC,CRP,IFN-γ,TNF-α,IL-6,IL-10 in blood samples at 0,1,2,3,5 and 7 d after burning were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).The ELISA results,the wound healing rate at 7,14,21 and 28 d,as well as wound healing time were compared and analyzed statistically by ANOVA between the two groups.Results WBC in control group increased significantly at 1 and 2 d,and CRP in control group increased substantially at 2 and 3 d.IFN-% IL-6 and IL-10 levels in serum showed increase on 5 d,and TNF-α arrived at its peak value at 7 d.By contrast,WBC,CRP,TNF-α,IL-6 and IL-10 of the MSCs transplantation group showed slightly increase after burning and the differences were convinced by statistical analysis,while IFN-γ showed little difference among the two groups.The MSCs transplantation group also showed significantly higher wound healing rate at 14,21,28 d and shorter wound healing time than that of the control.Conclusions MSCs transplantation can suppress the over-inflammatory response by significantly mediating the inflammatory cytokines as WBC,CRP,TNF-α,IL-6,IL-10 in burn.IFN-γseems not affected by MSCs transplantation.MSCs would be suitable to promote wound healing and repair in burn,which is achieved not only by differentiation and paracrine,but also by subtle immunoregulation.

As the main part of the teaching activities,students play an important role in the teaching reform.The students were trained through 3 pathways,“Extending teaching activities from the classroom to the outside”,“Development from basic to clinical knoledge” and “Culturing students' innovative consciousness”,so as to allow them to give full play in teaching reform,to enhance their ability of practice and learning by themselves,to culture their innovative consciousness and to develop students' leading functions in the anatomy teaching reform.

Objective To prepare the immunoconjugate composed of Adriamycin nanoparticles and VEGFR 2 monoclonal antibody(conjugate of ADM-NP and VEGFR 2-MAb) and study its pharmacokinetics property. Methods Adriamycin nanoparticles were prepared by using double emulsion method, with PLA and O-CMC as materials. Conjugate of ADM-NP and VEGFR 2-MAb was prepared by using molecule conjugate technology. Immunoreactivity of the conjugate with type IV collagenase and H 22 cell were analyzed by using ELISA. Pharmacokinetics parameters of the immunoconjugate were obtained by using SD rats as study objects. Results The prepared ADM-NP was sphere particles under SEM, which diameters were (160±34) nm. The drug loading rate and entrapment rate were (30.15±3.5)% and (80.56±4.24)% respectively. Conjugate of ADM-NP and VEGFR 2-MAb was successfully prepared, which had immunoreactivity with type IV collagenase and H 22 cell. The immunoconjugate showed good ADM control-release ability and could prolong the retention time of ADM in vivo. Conclusion Conjugate of ADM-NP and VEGFR 2-MAb keeps the immunoreactivity of VEGFR 2-MAb and shows good ADM control-release ability.

Steroidal saponins have a wide range of pharmacological effects and biological activities, such as anti-tumor, antifungal, hypoglycemic, immune regulation, insecticides, etc. In the last ten years, some new structures of steroidal saponins compounds were found from natural plants, they have some new and different activities. In order to accelerate the research on the drug innovation of steroidal saponins, we summarized the new progress of the research on such compounds.
Animals ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents ; pharmacology ; Antifungal Agents ; pharmacology ; Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic ; pharmacology ; Humans ; Hypoglycemic Agents ; pharmacology ; Saponins ; pharmacology ; Steroids ; pharmacology

OBJECTIVETo explore action mechanism of electroacupuncture (EA) at "Fenglong" (ST 40) for treatment of hyperlipidemia.

METHODSForty SPF-grade SD rats were randomly divided into a normal group (group A), a model group (group B), a model diet-control group (group C), a model + EA group (group D) and model diet-control + EA group (group E), 8 cases in each one. The rats in group A were fed with normal diet continuously while those in the rest 4 groups were fed with high-fat diet to establish hyperlipidemia model. Afterwards, the rats in group C and group E were fed with normal diet, while EA at "Fenglong" (ST 40) was applied in group D and group E, 30 min per time, once a day. After 28 days of treatment, macrophage was collected in each group. Oil red O-staining was applied to detect the formation of foam cells, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISE) was adopted to measure the contents of total cholesterol (TC) in macrophage and analyze the rate of cholesterol efflux.

RESULTSThe counts of positive cells of oil red O-staining and the contents of TC in the group B, group C and group D were significantly increased compared with those in the group A (all P < 0.01). The counts of positive cells and contents of TC in the group C, group D and group E were significantly clecreased compared with those in the group B (all P < 0.01), and the decline in group D was more obvious than that in the group C (all P < 0.01). Compared with group C and group D, the counts of positive cells and contents of TC in the group E was obviously decreased (all P < 0.01), which was not statistically different from group A (P > 0.05). In the meantime, compared with group C, the rate of cholesterol efflux in group D and group E was significantly increased (both P < 0.01), and the rise in group E was more obvious than that in the group D.

CONCLUSIONThe electroacupuncture at "Fenglong" (ST 40) could significantly prohibit the transformation of macrophage into foam cell and increase rate of cholesterol efflux in macrophage, which could prevent and reverse the formation of foam cell and play an essential role in treating hyperlipidemia and stopping it from developing into a further level.

Acupuncture Points ; Animals ; Biological Transport ; Cells, Cultured ; Cholesterol ; metabolism ; Electroacupuncture ; Foam Cells ; metabolism ; Humans ; Hyperlipidemias ; metabolism ; therapy ; Macrophages ; metabolism ; Male ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

To investigate the changes in T lymphocyte subsets in patients with different syndrome types infected by influenza A (H1N1) virus after treatment.

Ergosterol is the important component of the fungal membrane, and having stable structure. This makes it a suitable indicator for growth of fungi. In the paper, isolation and determination techniques of ergosterol as the indicator of the fungal biomass were reviewed. The methods of extracting ergosterol include traditional saponification and refluxing, rapid physical disruption, rapid ultrasonication, supercritical fluid extraction and so on. The ergosterol determination methods are high performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and thin-layer chromatography, et al. The application of these techniques was also introduced. Finally, the paper prospected the feasibility of applying the ergosterol as the indicator of fungal biomass in composting.