Aim To study the effects of chronic morphine treatment on the contents of cAMP and cGMP in sympathetic ganglia,superior cervical ganglia(SCG) of rats.Methods The chronic morphine dependent model of rats was established by subcutaneous injection of morphine in gradually increasing doses for 5 days,the dependence and the tolerance of the model was estimated by naloxone precipitation test and 55℃ tail-flick trail test respectively.The contents of cAMP and cGMP in SCG were detected by means of 125I radioimmunoassay.Results ① Compared with control group,the content of cAMP in SCG of morphine-acute group rats was descended(P0.05;compared with morphine-acute,P0.05).Conclusion There was an up-regulation of cAMP in sympathetic ganglia of chronic morphine treated rats.

Aim To study effects of morphine tolerance and dependence on the fast excitatory synaptic transmission in sympathetic ganglia of rats.Methods The isolated sympathetic ganglia,superior cervical ganglia(SCG), were made from control and morphine tolerant and dependent rats respectively.Effects of morphine tolerance and dependence on the fast excitatory synaptic transmission in rat sympathetic ganglia were studied by means of intracellular recording technique.Results ① Morphine(0.1～1.0 mmol?L~(-1))reversibly inhibited the amplitude of the fast excitatory postsynaptic potentials(f-EPSPs) in SCG neurons of control rats.② Compared with control group,inhibitory effects of morphine(0.5 mmol?L~(-1) and 1.0 mmol?L~(-1)) on f-EPSPs in SCG neurons of morphine tolerant and dependent rats were obviously decreased;③ Naloxone(0.1 mmol?L~(-1)),which had no significantly effect on f-EPSPs in SCG neurons of control rats,could reversibly facilitate the amplitude of f-EPSPs in SCG neurons of morphine tolerant and dependent rats;④ No significant difference of RMP and Rm was founded between SCG neurons of control and morphine tolerant and dependent rats.Conclusion The morphine tolerant and dependent of the fast excitatory synaptic transmission in rat sympathetic ganglia has been formed in morphine tolerant and dependent rats.

Objective:To explore the value of reading report in upbringing the integrated faculties of medical students.Methods:To give the training of reading report to the Seven-year and the five-year program medical students in their last year.Results:Such a training stirred the students' learning interests,improved their abilities in independent study,promoted their ability in collecting and dealing with information and widened their knowledge.Medical students grasped of the essential methods in writing reading report,which settled the groundwork for research abilities in the future.Conclusions:Reading report writing is instrumental in de- veloping students' integrated faculties and worthy advocating in medical teaching.

Skin melanin metabolism is a complex and fine regulation process, which is controlled by multiple genes, many enzymes and proteins. With the in-depth study of the factors affecting the skin melanin metabolism, scientists have found that the signaling pathway initiated by the combination of stem cell factor receptor c-kit and its ligand stem cell factor plays an important role in the metabolism of skin melanin.The paper summarizes the recent research progress on the role of c-kit receptor in the skin melanin metabolism, including the molecular mechanism and the clinical application.

Objective To investigate the effects of gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist (GnRH- a) and antagonist (GnRH-ant) on cyclophosphamide (CTX)-induced ovarian damage in rats.Methods Seventy-two Sprague-Dawley female rats were divided randomly into six groups,which received normal saline (NS),CTX,GnRH-a+NS,GnRH-a+CTX,GnRH-ant+NS,and GnRH-ant+CTX respectively.Levels of serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH),luteinizing hormone (LH) and estradiol (E_2) were measured successively by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method,and half of the rats were killed in the first week and between the fourth and the fifth week after stop of medication,respectively to compare the weight of the ovaries and the number of the primordial follicles and the growth follicles.Results (1) Throughout experiment,the serum levels of FSH,LH and E_2 of the control group fluctuated slightly,while those in the CTX group kept rising.During medication treatment,compared with the control group[(118?16) ?g/L, (350?35) ?g/L] and the CTX group[(113?15) ?g/L,(289?42) ?g/L],the concentrations of LH [(42 ?8)-(47?7) ?g/L,(31?5)-(36?7) ?g/L] and FSH [(124?45)-(136?32)?g/L,(178 ?54)-(198+27)?g/L] in the GnRH-a groups and the GnRH-ant groups were maintained at low levels significantly and the levels of LH in the GnRH-ant groups were significantly lower than that in the GnRH-a groups,but the levels of FSH in the GnRH-ant groups were significantly higher than that in the GnRH-a groups(P0.05),but the levels of FSH,LH and E_2 of the GnRH-ant+CTX group rose obviously and were similar to the levels of the CTX group,especially the FSH,and the levels of LH and FSH of the GnRH- ant + CTX group [(156?12) ?g/L,(520?44) ?g/L] and the CTX group [(178?18) ?g/L,(546?36) ?g/L] were significantly higher than that of the other four groups [(121?15)-(132?13) ?g/L,(335 ?35)-(359?26) ?g/L] at the 4~(th)-5~(th) week after stop of treatment(P0.05),but the number of all kinds of follicles declined significantly in the GnRH-ant+CTX group[(195?15),(36?12)] and the CTX group [(212?11),(36?9)] compared to the other four groups[(302?15)-(690?43),(44?12)-(58?11),P

OBJECTIVETo observe the effects of electroacupuncture (EA) on circadian rhythm of temperature and melatonin (MT) in depression rats model induced by chronic stress, so as to explore the biological mechanism of EA for depression.

METHODSTwenty-four SD rats were randomly divided into a control group, a model group and an EA group, 8 cases in each one. Rats in the control group were treated with normal diet for 21 days without any treatment. In the model and EA group, rat model was established by chronic unpredictable stress combined with solitarily feeding method, and rats in the EA group was treated with EA at "Baihui" (GV 20), "Yintang" (GV 29) 1 h before stress stimulation everyday, 2 Hz in frequency and intensity was favorable with the head of rat slightly shivering. The needles were retained for 20 min, once a day for totally 21 days. After EA treatment, open-field experiment was adopted to observe the behavioral improvement; the rats temperatures were monitored at six time points (2:00, 6:00, 10:00, 14:00, 18:00, 22:00) and orbital blood sampling was collected. The level of serum MT was tested by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. The circadian rhythm changes of temperature and serum MT in each group were compared.

RESULTSThe numbers of horizontal movement and vertical movement in the model group were obviously lower than those in the control group (both P < 0.05), while those in the EA group were significantly improved compared with those in the model group (both P < 0.01). The circadian rhythm of temperature and MT disappeared in the model group, which was improved into normal level after EA treatment.

CONCLUSIONThe electroacupuncture has regulation effects on circadian rhythm of temperature and melatonin in depression rat model induced by chronic stress.

Animals ; Circadian Rhythm ; Depression ; metabolism ; physiopathology ; therapy ; Electroacupuncture ; Humans ; Male ; Melatonin ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

Aptamers are single-stranded oligonucleotides ( DNA or RNA ) selected through a technology termed "Systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment" ( SELEX ) . In addition to high affinity and high specificity for their target molecules, aptamers have some advantages such as low molecular weight, easy synthesis, high chemical stability, low immunogenicity, and convenient modification. Based on the Cell-SELEX technique, a panel of aptamers which can specifically recognize target cell lines has been generated. By targeting specific membrane proteins in their native state, these aptamers can identify subtle molecular differences among different cell lines, thus have attracted a broad interest in biomedical research. In this review, we summarized the development of aptamers and their use in detection, profiling and imaging of tumor cells. Also, their perspectives were discussed.

Objective To analyze the relationship between influenza epidemic and genetic characteristic on the whole genome of influenza virus subtype A/H3N2 strains isolated in Zhejiang province during 1998 to 2009. Methods All of the eight genes from the 19 Zhejiang influenza virus isolates, circulated during 1998 to 2009, were amplified by RT-PCR and sequenced. The obtained sequences were aligned and analyzed with the vaccine strains being used in the last 10 years.Results The highest mutation happened within HA and NA genes and the amino acid divergent ratios were 13.98% and 10.00%. Amongst the six internal proteins, the amino acid divergent ratios of NP, M2 and NS1 were 6.43%, 6.19% and 3.48% respectively, and the others were lower than 3%.Other than the HA and NA genes, mutations were also observed on six internal genes of the strains isolated in those years when the influenza virus subtype A/H3N2 was widely circulating.Additionally, there had been an obvious genetic lag between vaccine strains recommended by WHO and the contemporary Zhejiang epidemic strains for many years. Conclusion Besides on HA and NA genes, surveillance programs should also be covered mutations regarding the internal genes of influenza virus subtype A/H3N2 strains, in order to provide important information for forecasting and warning of a new round of influenza epidemic.

Objective To study the genetic variations between measles vaccinc strain S191 and strains that circulated in Zhejiang province causing the epidemics during 1999 to 20 1 1.Methods Complete sequence of the nine Zhejiang measles strains were amplified by RT-PCR assay.Products were sequenced and the obtained sequences were aligned and analyzed with vaccine strains S191 and the major epidemic strains isolated in foreign countries.Results The homology of amino acid among the nine Zhcjiang strains were 98.77％-99.89％.The strains were not affected by positive selection and the variations on each gene were still in random drift.Compared to vaccine strain S191,there were 135 to 159 amino acid changes in Zhejiang measles virus,in which 113 points were common variable positions,resulting in mutations on five glycosylation sites.At the nucleotide level,the biggest differences between the Zhejiang strains and the vaccine strain S191 were found on N gcne,with the average divergent ratio as 5.5％,while the biggest one was P protein,in the amino acid level,with the average mutation rate as 7.7％.In addition,with the complete genome sequences,the genetic distance between Zhcjiang epidemic strains and vaccine strains was greater than the distances between epidenic strains of genotype D4,B3 and vaccine strains (t=-9.76,P＜0.05；t=-12.39,P＜0.05).Conclusion There were significant differcnccs found in the each of the genes between Zhejiang epidemic strains and the vaccine strain S191.The differences between the current vaccine strains and H genotypc epidemic strains were much larger than the differences between the vaccine and the forcign epidemic strains (genotype D4,B3).Therefore,wc should pay close attcntion to this trend,and to develop candidates for the dcvclopnent of vaccines,as early as possible.

Objective To study the evolutionary characteristics and rules of two lineages on influenza B virus.Methods A total of 126 HA1 sequences of strains isolated during 1940 to 2012were downloaded from the GenBank.Time of the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) and divergence of the two lineages were calculated based on the data from phylogenetic analysis of HA1gene,using Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo (Bayesian-MCMC) and molecular clock method.Results The average amino acid variant ratios were ranged from 5.4％ to 10.2％ within the strains of influenza B virus isolated during 1978 to 2010.Compared with the Victoria-like strains,all Yamagatalike strains showed an amino acid deletion at 163th site,while some of them showing a deletion at position 166.HA1 gene of influenza B virus seemed not have been affected by positive selection except a few sites.The evolutionary average rate on HA1 gene was 2.138 × 10-3 substitutions/site/year (95％HPD:1.833 × 10-3-2.437 × 10-3 substitutions/site/year).The estimated dates for TMRCA of the two lineages of influenza B virus could be dated back to 1971 (95％ HPD:1969-1972),while the divergence times of the two lineages were 1973 (95％ HPD:1971-1974) and 1977 (95％ HPD:1975-1978) respectively.Conclusion Significant differences were found on HA1 gene between earlier and recent identified strains of Victoria and Yamagata lineage.Differences between the two lineages increased and showing the potential of dividing themselves into different subtypes in the future.More attention should be paid to these trends and the related epidemiological significance.