Animals ; Astrocytes ; metabolism ; Brain Ischemia ; metabolism ; pathology ; Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein ; metabolism ; Neuroprotective Agents ; pharmacology ; Propofol ; pharmacology ; Random Allocation ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Reperfusion Injury ; metabolism ; prevention & control

Animals ; Disease Models, Animal ; Electric Stimulation ; Neurons ; metabolism ; Nitric Oxide Synthase ; metabolism ; Parkinson Disease ; metabolism ; Rats ; Subthalamic Nucleus ; metabolism

Animals ; Dentate Gyrus ; metabolism ; Epilepsy ; chemically induced ; metabolism ; Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein ; metabolism ; Hippocampus ; metabolism ; Kainic Acid ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Microtubule-Associated Proteins ; metabolism ; Neurons ; metabolism ; Neuropeptides ; metabolism

AIMTo observe the change of STR neuronal firing rates with high frequency stimulation of subthalamic nucleus in PD rats.

METHODSA model of Parkinson's disease was induced by unilateral administration of 6-hydroxydopamine into right substantia nigra in rats. After the high-frequency stimulation to STN, the spontaneous firing rates of STR on normal and PD rats were recorded by using extracellular recordings.

RESULTSStimulation caused a direct excited effect of STR neurons in normal rats whereas a excited and inhibited effect in PD rats. The inhibited effect was correlated with the stimulation period (r = 0.94).

CONCLUSIONStimulation to STN may inhibit the spontaneous firing rates of STR neurons in PD rats. These results also give some clues that high-frequency stimulation to STN may be a effective therapy to the clinical treatment of Parkinson's disease.

Action Potentials ; Animals ; Corpus Striatum ; physiopathology ; Disease Models, Animal ; Electric Stimulation Therapy ; Male ; Neurons ; physiology ; Parkinson Disease ; physiopathology ; therapy ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Subthalamic Nucleus

Objective To evaluate the protective effect on lung by using continuous pulmonary artery perfusion with oxygenated blood and L-arginine during cardiopulmonary bypass(CPB).Methods Forty five cases received mitral valve replacement were randomly divided into 3 groups and each group involved 15 cases. Group I(control group), patients received routine procedure of CPB. Proup Ⅱ, patients received rcontinuous pulmonary artery perfusion with oxygenated blood. Group Ⅲ,continuous pulmonary artery perfusion with oxygenated blood containing L-arginine (200 mg/kg) (n=15). All cases received routine procedure of CPB and continuously infused from the root of pulmonary artery until releasing aortaoaic clamp. Blood samples were collected from the radial artery respectively at the following time points:after the induction of anaesthesia, 1 hour after opening of aorta, 0, 6, 12, 24 hours after patients being taken back to ICU. ELISA test was used to detected the expression of tmmor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-10 (IL-10). Lung tissue samples (1.0 cm ×1.0 cm×1.0 cm) were obtained from right lower lobe. The pathologicl changes of lung tissues were observed under light mi-croscope by using HE staining. Results at each time points, the expression of TNF-α, IL-6 in group Ⅱ and group Ⅲ weresignificantly lower than that in group Ⅰ (P<0.05). The level of TNF-α, IL-6 in group Ⅲ were lower than in group Ⅱ(P<0.05). However, the expression of IL-10 in group Ⅱ and group Ⅲ were higher than in group Ⅰ, and the level of IL-10 in group Ⅲ were higher than that in group Ⅱ(P<0.05). In the group Ⅰ: HE staining showed marked pulmonary interstitial edema, intra-alveolus neutrophilic granulocyte exudation with karyorrhexis. In the group Ⅱ, light capillary vessel hyperaemia and pulmonary interstitial lymphocyte exudation were detected. Nearly normal lung tissue were observed in group Ⅲ. Conclusion Continuous pulmonary artery perfusion with oxygenated blood and L-arginine could inhibit the synthesis of inflammatory factors significantly and increase the releasing of anti-inflammatory factors during CPB. Therefore, it may reduces pulmonary inflammatory reaction and have protective effects on lung tissue.

Experiment teaching is a most important item of college teaching, and plays a vital and unexchangeable role to train students for their ability to practice and to innovate. To construct a feasible and scientific examination system of experiment teaching, will significantly help deepen the reformation of experiment teaching and improve the teaching quality. So according to the request for cultivating qualified ap- plication person, we preliminarily constitute the valuation system throughout the whole course and in the final, of theoretic examination and practice examination, and combined with students’ self-valuation and valuation from teachers. In fact, the system works well with a perfect effect.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effect of penehyclidine hydrochloride on glutamate (Glu)release and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR)1 expression in hippocampus CA1 with global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion rats.

METHODSSixty male Wistar rats were randomly allocated into three groups; group A received sham operation; group B received ischemia/reperfusion; group C received penehyclidine hydrochloride treatment (2 mg/kg) before ischemia/reperfusion (n=20). Global cerebral ischemia was induced according to Pulsinelli-Brierley method. All animals were divided into two experiments: (I) Microdialysis plus HPLC/FD were used to detect Glu level after reperfusion 1 h, 3 h, 6 h. (II) After reperfusion 3 h, the animals were decapitated on ice and the brains were immediately removed to detect NMDAR1 expression in CA1 area by immunohistochemistry.

RESULTSAfter penehyclidine hydrochloride treatment, extracellular Glu level in CA1 were significantly decreased compared with those of control group (P < 0.05 or 0.01); Total integrated OD, average gray value and positive-cell area of NMDAR1 in CA1 were also significantly decreased compared with those of control group (P < 0.05 or 0.01).

CONCLUSIONPenehyclidine hydrochloride might has protective effect in hippocampus CA1 on global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion animals. The protective mechanism might be involved in inhibiting Glu release and NMDAR1 expression.

Animals ; Brain Ischemia ; metabolism ; physiopathology ; CA1 Region, Hippocampal ; metabolism ; Cholinergic Antagonists ; pharmacology ; Glutamic Acid ; metabolism ; Male ; Quinuclidines ; pharmacology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate ; metabolism ; Reperfusion Injury ; metabolism ; prevention & control

Objective To investigate the immune response to and protective effect of a bivalent DNA vaccine expressing interleukin-2(IL-2)and Gpd proteins in New Zealand rabbits.Methods Seventy-two male New Zealand white rabbits were equally and randomly divided into 4 groups to be immunized with recombinant plasmids pcDNA3.1(+)/Gpd-IL-2(pcD/Gpd-IL-2),pcDNA3.1(+)/Gpd(pcD/Gpd),empty plasmid pcDNA3.1(+)(pcD)and phosphate buffered saline(PBS),respectively.Immunization was carried out by intramuscular injection at multiple sites with a 2-week interval for 3 times.On week 10 after the initial immunization,the rabbits were challenged intradermally with T.pallidum(Nichols strain).Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)was used to quantify the serum level of anti-Gpd antibodies in the rabbits and the level of IL-2 and interferon(IFN-γ)in the supernatant of Gpd protein-stimulated spleen cells from the rabbits at different time pionts.MTT assay was conducted to detect the proliferation response of spleen cells collected from the rabbits on day 0,14,28,140 and 168 after the challenge.Results Compared with pcD and PBS,both the vaccines pcD/Gpd and pcD/Gpd-IL-2 elicited significantly higher levels of anti-Gpd IgG antibodies in rabbits at different time points during the vaccination and infection period,with the titers peaking at 1 ∶ 1024 and 1∶4096,respectively(both P ＜ 0.01).There were also significant differences in the serum levels of anti-Gpd IgG antibodies between the pcD/Gpd-and pcD/Gpd-IL-2-immunized rabbits at different time points(all P ＜0.01).The levels of IL-2 in the supematant of spleen cells from pcD/Gpd-and pcD/Gpd-IL-2-immunized rabbits on week 8 after the immunization were 110 ± 12.6 and 167 ± 15.7 μg/L respectively,and those of IFN-γwere 225 ± 17.6 and 447 ± 22.4 μg/L respectively,significantly higher than those in that from the other two groups of rabbits(all P ＜ 0.01).Furthermore,an apparent proliferation response was observed in spleen cells from pcD/Gpd-and pcD/Gpd-IL-2-immunized rabbits with a higher stimulation index compared with pcD-and PBS-immunized rabbits(all P ＜ 0.01).Dark-field microscopic examination of early-stage infected lesions revealed that pcD/Gpd-IL-2-immunized rabbits had a lower detection rate(17.5％)of Tp from lesions,occurrence of ulcerative lesions(15％)and shorter curing time compared with pcD/Gpd-immunized rabbits.Conclusion The recombinant plasmid pcDNA3.1(+)/Gpd-IL-2 could induce protective humoral and cellular immune response more efficiently in rabbits.

Objective To evaluate the clinical characteristics of patients with growth-hormone adenoma (GHA) and summarize the diagnosis and treatment experience.Methods The clinical data of 338 GHA cases at the General Hospital of PLA from Jan. 1990 to Dec. 2016 were collected, of which 252 cases with more complete clinical data were retrospectively analyzed including their general situation, medical history, laboratory tests and auxiliary examinations, and treatment modalities and outcomes. Parts of the patients were followed up.Results The cases of hospitalized GHA patients have increased year by year since 1990, and the number of patients admitted in the last 3 years accounted for 56.2% of the total number of cases. The sex ratio for GHA patients was nearly 1:1. Age of visiting followed Gaussian distribution while the 41-50 age group occupied the largest part. The most typical sign is hand and foot enlargement (60.7%), followed by the hypertrophy of nasal ala. The most common symptoms are headache (42.5%), hypopsia, visual field defect and diplopia. More than half of GHA patients were complicated with prediabetes and diabetes (72.6%), sleep apnea (69.5%), goiter or thyroid nodularity (56.4%), cardiac insufficiency (57.0%) and colon polyp (54.1%); while the percentages of cases undergone the relevant examination in the total number of cases were as follows: 75g OGTT test (42.1%), polysomnography (23.4%), thyroid ultrasound (37.3%), echocardiogram (47.6%) and colonoscopy (14.7%); GHA was 23.37±1.42μg/L and IGF-1 was 804.28±273.93ng/ml on average; 85.0% of somatotroph tumors are macroadenoma. Surgery remains the mainstay of therapy to GHA, while medical therapy was selected by less patients. During the follow-up, only 38.0%of GHA patients can be contacted, among them the remission rate decreased to 40.5%. The positive rate of long-term remission evaluated by early postoperative GHA level was consistent with that confirmed by the long-term follow-up (χ2=3.368,P>0.05). Conclusions The number of hospitalized GHA patients have increased recent years. The common clinical signs and symptoms are somatic enlargement and nonspecific headache. Due to uncompleted screening, GHA associated complications are always misdiagnosed; It is essential to establish a sound model of follow-up to improve patients' quality of life. The early postoperative GHA levels may predict the prognosis of surgery.

Aim To investigate the effect of Aesculus hippocastanum seed extract(AH) on concanavalin A (ConA)-induced acute liver injury in mice,and to ex-plore whether the mechanism was related to the inhibi-tory effect of AH on oxidative stress and c-Jun N-termi-nal kinase (JNK). Methods ConA(20 mg·kg-1) was administered via tail vein injecting to induce he-patic damage in mice. The groups of AH were given at 12.5,25,50 mg·kg-1by oral gavage separately for 20 days. The serum levels of AST,ALT,TP,and Alb were determined by automatic biochemical analyzer and the A/G ratio was calculated. TNF-α and IFN-γ levels were assayed by ELISA. The liver tissue was attained by HE and the histopathological changes were calculat-ed. The MDA, SOD, GSH contents of liver tissues were assayed by related kits. The activity of caspase-3 was detected by spectrophotometry. The expressions of cytochrome C and Bax, Bcl-2, p-JNK and p-Akt were detected by Western blot. Results The serum levels of ALT, AST, IFN-γ and TNF-α in AH groups were significantly lower than those in ConA-injured group, while the levels of TP,Alb and A/G were significantly higher. The SOD and GSH levels of liver tissues signif-icantly increased and MDA level decreased; liver his-topathological changes were consistent with those of the serological indicators, and AH treatment significantly reduced the pathological damage induced by ConA. In AH group,the expression of cytochrome C,caspase-3, Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and p-JNK markedly decreased, while the expression of p-Akt protein increased compared with ConA model group. Conclusion AH could sig-nificantly protect the ConA-induced acute liver injury in mice via inhibition of ROS and JNK pathway.