Objective To improve the diagnosis and treatment of primary ureteral cancer. Methods Thirty-six cases of primary ureteral cancer ascertained by pathological studies were reviewed.There were 22 men and 14 women with the mean age of 63 years.All patients underwent operation. Results Thirty-four cases (94%) were followed up for 6 to 180 months.Among them,6 died of metastasis,6 died of other diseases and 22 survived.Local recurrence in ureter or bladder occured in 3 patients 1～5 years after partial ureterectomy. Conclusions Nephroureterectomy and bladder cuff resection is the best treatment for primary carcinoma of ureter.Ureterectomy and bladder cuff resection should be carried out prior to nephrectomy for the lower segment ureteral carcinoma in order to lessen carcinoma cell transplantation in bladder.

AIM:To explore the effect of erythropoietin ( EPO) on the expression of myocardial NADPH oxi-dase (Nox) in the pressure overload rats.METHODS:Male SD rats (n=36) were used to establish a pressure overload myocardial hypertrophy model by abdominal aorta ligation.The animals were divided into model group, control group ( sham, without narrowing abdominal aorta, the rest of the operation was the same as the model) and recombinant human erythropoietin ( rhEPO) treatment group ( intraperitoneal injection of rhEPO postoperatively, 4 000 U/kg, twice a week) . After 8 weeks, the cardiac ultrasound imaging and hemodynamic evaluation were conducted to determine the cardiac func-tions.Masson staining was used to observe the degree of myocardial fibrosis.The expression of Nox2 and Nox4 at mRNA and protein levels was detected by real-time quantitative PCR and Western blotting.The protein levels of myocardial inflam-matory factors CD45, F4/80 and TGF-βwere determined by Western blotting.RESULTS:Compared with model group, the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), left ventricular fractional shortening (LVFS), left ventricular end-systolic pressure (LVESP) and left ventricular pressure maximum rising and falling rates ( ±dp/dtmax) increased significantly in EPO treatment group (P<0.01).At the same time, left ventricular end-systolic diameter (LVESD), left ventricular end-diastolic diameter ( LVEDD) and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure ( LVEDP) were decreased in EPO treatment group (P<0.01).EPO reduced the degree of myocardial fibrosis caused by pressure overload (P<0.01) and decreased the ex-pression of Nox2 and Nox4 at mRNA and protein levels in the myocardium (P<0.05 or P<0.01), and reduced the pro-tein expression of myocardial inflammatory factors CD45, F4/80 and TGF-β.CONCLUSION: EPO inhibits rat myocar-dial fibrosis induced by pressure overload, improves heart functions by decreasing NADPH oxidase activity and inhibiting myocardial oxidative stress levels and myocardial inflammatory reaction.

Objective To investigate the incidence and prognosis of multiple primary malignant neoplasms of urologic and male genital system. Methods 22 cases of multiple primary neoplasms patients treated from Jan 1980 to Jun 2000 were studied retrospectively. Results The total incidence rate of the multiple malignant neoplasms was 3.2%.In the 7 patients with synchronous occurrence of multiple pramary malignant neoplasms,the survival time was 6 to 40 months,with a mean of 15;In the other 15 patients,3 died after 7 months to 5 years,12 have survived 8 months to 15 years after the second carcinoma being treated. Conclusions Multiple primary malignant neoplasms of urologic and male genital system is more frequently seen ronadays.Early diagnosis and adequate treatment of the second primary carcinoma is the only means to achieve a long survival.So the patient should be closely followed up after the first carcinoma being treated.

Objective To evaluate the urethra lengthening technique in the management of stricture of the external orifice and navicular fossa of urethra. Methods From June 1995 to April 1999,15 cases of severe stricture of the external orifice and navicular fossa of urethra were treated by the urethra lengthening technique and the therapeutic effect was evaluated. Results The patients have been followed up for 3～36 months with a mean of 21 months.Satisfactory results with normal voiding and good apearence of the penis have been observed in all but 2.Slight stricture of the external orifice has been noted in 2 patients and has been relieved after 3～6 times of urethral sounding. Conclusions Urethra lengthening technique yields a high success rate with consistant normal voiding and is compliant with the normal anatomy and physiology of the urethra.

Objective To study the expression of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in synovia and synovium of rats after high intensity exercise.Methods 24 healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into control group and high intensity group, and the latter were forced to run 60 min at the speed of 28 m/min for 6 weeks. The histological changes of cartilage from the lesion areas of medial femoral condyle and synovium of knee joint were examined with HE stain and the expression of IL-1β in synovium with immunohistochemistry, in synovial fluid with the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results The articular cartilage of knee were injured and synovitis were found in high intensity group. The expression of IL-1β both in synovial fluid and in synovium of the knee were more in high intensity group than in control group (P<0.05). Conclusion High intensity exercise could cause aticular cartilage injury, synovitis and over expression of IL-1β in synovia and synovium, which may associated with post-traumatic osteoarthritis.

Objective To investigate the effects of intra-articular hyaluronan(HA)injection on the expression of cartilage oligomeric matrix protein(COMP)in synovium of strenuous running rats,and investigate the possibility of predicting the effectiveness of HA based on COMP in synovium.Methods 36 healthy male Wistar rats were randomly divided into control group,strenuous running group and strenuous running group and HA injection group.Strenuous running group and HA injection group were intra- articularly injected with HA once a week for 5 consecutive weeks.The histological changes of synovium of knee joint was examined by H.E.staining and immunohistochemical expression of COMP in three groups after 6 weeks' strenuous running.Results Synovial inflammation was less severe in strenuous running and HA injection group than strenuous running group(t =7.15,P ＜0.01).The immunohistochemical expression of COMP in rats'synovium of knee joint in strenuous running and HA injection group was significantly lower than that in rats'synovium in strenuous running group(t = 6.30,P ＜ 0.01).Conclusions Intra- articular HA injection suppressed synovitis,and the expression of COMP in synovium could be used to predict the effectiveness of HA.

Objective To Analyze the examination meaning of b-type brain natriuretic peptide precursor (NT-proBNP),homocysteine and coagulation-fibrinolysis indexes for patients with acute cerebral infarction.Methods Selected 40 patients with acute cerebral infarction (experimental group) to hospital from March 2014 to May 2015 and 40 healthy check-up cases (control group).Then,compared the indicators in blood between the two groups of patients,namely homocysteine (Hcy),NT-proBNP,activated clotting time live enzymes enzyme (APTT),original activator inhibitory factor (PAI-1) and tissuetype fibrinolytic enzyme original activator (tPA).Meanwhile,also compared these indicators for the experimental group before and after treatment.Results Before treatment,the levels of Hcy,t-PA,NT-proBNP,PAI-1 and ATPP for experiment group were 17.7±3.6 μmol/L,29.4±7.9 μmol/L,3 212.8±2 511.4 ng/L,130.1±17.8 μmol/L and 37.8±4.5 s,respectively.The levels of Hey,t-PA,NT-proBNP,PAI-1 and ATPP for control group were 7.2± 2.1 μmol/L,15.1 ± 3.7 μmol/ L,198.7 ± 1 14.8 ng/L,67.8 ± 7.9 μmol/L and 37.8 ± 4.5 s,respectively.After treatment,the levels of Hcy,t-PA,NT-proBNP,PAI-1 and ATPP for experiment group were 12.2±1.5 μmol/L,18.2±2.3 μmol/L,348.7±194.8 ng/L,78.6±9.8 μmol/L and 32.2±4.5 s,respectively.Before treatment,the indicator of APTT for experiment patients was significantly shorter than it after treatment and that of the control group.The other four indicators were significantly higher than them after treatment and those of the control group.The differences were statistically significant (P ＜0.05).Conclusion Hcy,NT-proBNP,APTT,PAI-1,and t-PA had closely relation with the occurrence of acute cerebral infarction development,and they can be helpful to evaluate disease progression and predict prognosis for patients with acute cerebral infarction.

A strain no.H5 isolated from Rhizophora stylosa Griff in Zhanjiang had a good antagonistic activity against Aspergillus niger,pathogen of Dracaena Sanderiana black-rot disease.It was identified as Bacillus licheniformis.Dual culture,mycelium growth rate and inhibitory zones were used to test the effect. Strong inhibition was shown against A.niger.Inhibitory ratios of H5 germ-free fermented filtrate on mycelium growth and conidial germination were 91.9%and 100%respectively.In addition,mycelia on the edge of antagonistic band became abnormal and over-branching.Meanwhile,a lot of vesicles appeared on the surface.When treated with heat,acid and alkali,the filtration of H5 was always with stable activity.Precipitate in 55%saturated ammonium sulfate dissolved in phosphate buffer solution maintained most of the activity after high pressure steam sterilization for 25 minutes.It was preliminarily considered as a kind of heat resistant protein.

Aim To discuss the effectsof extract from fermented buckwheat flower and leaf(EFBFL) on myocardial injury in spontaneously obese type Ⅱ diabetic db/db mice and its mechanism.Methods 9-week-old male db/db mice were randomly divided into high level EFBFL dose group(EFBFL-H, 0.1 g·kg-1), low level EFBFL dose group(EFBFL-L, 0.05 g·kg-1),metformin hydrochloridecontrol group, model control group, and normal control group, with 10 mice in each group.All groups were treated with 8 wks of drugs by gastric perfusion.The random blood glucose(RBG) was tested respectively at the end of 2nd, 4th, 6th, and 8th wk.Finally, the levels of creatine kinase(CK) creatine kinase MB(CK-MB), andadvanced glycosylation endproducts(AGEs) were detected after 8 wks.The morphological changes of myocardium were observed under light microscope by HE staining, and the ultrastructure of myocardium was observed under electron microscope.Immunohistochemical method and Western blot were used to detect myocardial tissue glucose transporter-4(Glut-4).Results EFBFLcould repress patho-proceeding of myocardial fibrosis efficiently, and significantly decrease the level of blood glucose, CK,CK-MB, and AGEs in db/db mice.Meanwhile, it could increase the expression of Glut-4 in myocardial tissues of mice.Conclusions EFBFL can prevent myocardial injury in spontaneously obese type Ⅱ diabetic db/db mice.The possible mechanism may be related to lowering the level of blood glucose and serum AGEs and up-regulating Glut4of cardiac muscle.

Objective To evaluate the role of protein kinase Cα (PKCα)/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) signaling pathway in endotoxin-induced damage to alveolar macrophages and the relationship with mitofusin-1 (Mfn1) in rats.Methods Rat alveolar macrophages NR8383 cells cultured in vitro were seeded in 96-well plates at a density of 1 × 104 cells/ml.NR8383 cells were divided into 5 groups (n =15 each)using a random number table:control group (group C),endotoxin challenge model group (group E),PKCα inhibitor Go6976 group (group G),PKCα agonist PMA group (group P) and dimethyl sulfoxide group (group D).NR8383 cells were stimulated with 10 μg/ml lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to establish the model of endotoxin challenge in alveolar macrophages.In G,P and D groups,cells were pretreated with 5 μmol/L Go6976,100 nmol/L PMA and 0.1％ dimethyl sulfoxide,respectively,for 30 min starting from 30 min before stimulation with LPS,and 10 μg/ml LPS was then given.The cells were collected after 24 h of incubation for measurement of malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) contents,superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and expression of PKCα,HO-1 and Mfn1 protein and mRNA (by fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction or Western blot).Results Compared with group C,MDA and ROS contents were significantly increased,the SOD activity was decreased,the expression of PKCα and HO-1 protein and mRNA was up-regulated,and the expression of Mfn1 protein and mRNA was downregulated in E,G,P and D groups (P＜0.05).Compared with group E,MDA and ROS contents were significantly increased,the SOD activity was decreased,and the expression of PKCα,HO-1 and Mfn1 protein and mRNA was down-regulated in group G,MDA and ROS contents were significantly decreased,the SOD activity was increased,and the expression of PKCα,HO-1 and Mfn1 protein and mRNA was upregulated in group P (P＜0.05),and no significant change was found in the parameters mentioned above in group D (P＞0.05).Conclusion Promotion of Mfn1 expression following PKCα/HO-1 signaling pathway activation is the endogenous protective mechanism of endotoxin-induced damage to alveolar macrophages of rats.