Child ; Evidence-Based Medicine ; Humans ; Nephrotic Syndrome ; diagnosis ; etiology ; therapy ; Practice Guidelines as Topic ; Recurrence

The challenge of the emergence of drug-resistant influenza strains, which is caused by wide spread utilization of direct-acting antivirals (DAAs), accelerates the research and exploration towards host targeted agents. In contrast to DAAs targeting viral replication components, host targeted agents, which regulate host factors and pathways linked to viral replication, can interfere the replication of influenza. Additionally, the innate immune system is activated by influenza during the early stage of infection, so manipulating the innate immune response may prevent the viral infection. However, the excessive inflammatory response induced at the late phase of influenza infection would lead to severe tissue injures. Thus, it is very important to explore drugs with anti-inflammatory actions to suppress these immune imbalances and tissue injures. Here we overview the current progresses about host targets related to anti-influenza drugs.
Anti-Inflammatory Agents ; pharmacology ; Antiviral Agents ; pharmacology ; Humans ; Immunity, Innate ; Influenza, Human ; drug therapy ; Virus Replication

OBJECTIVETo explore the incidence, degree, and pattern of rib cartilage calcification in congenital microtia patients, in order to provide reference for harvesting the rib cartilage, sculpturing cartilage framework.

METHODSFrom Jun. 2013 to Nov. 2014, 383 patients (age range, 6-45 years) underwent CT scans of the chest. 11 patients with bony diseases or traumatic history were excluded. The remaining 372 patients were divided by age into four groups as 6-15, 16-25, 26-35, 36-45 years old. Twenty patients (10 male and 10 female) were selected by the order of patient identification number in each age group, thus selecting a total of 80 patients (40 male and 40 female). Retrospective study of CT scans of the chest in 80 patients and the incidence, degree, and pattern of cartilage calcification of the sixth to eighth ribs were noted. A chi-square test is conducted to test whether there are significant difference between the variables through the SPSS 19.0 software.

RESULTSOverall, 40.4% (194/480) cartilage was calcified; female patients (47.50%, 114/240) showed higher frequency of calcification than male patients (33.33%, 80/240, P = 0. 025). Calcification rates of all age groups are 1.7% (2/120), 46.7% (56/ 120), 49.2% (59/120), 64.2% (77/120). Calcification rate of 6-15 years group is lowest in all groups (P < 0.05) while other three groups have no statistical significance (P > 0.05). Calcification rates of the sixth and sevent rib cartilage were higher than those of the eighth rib cartilage in all age groups except 6-15 years group, who had a similar rate of all three ribs. Calcification rate of all three rib cartilage was significantly increased with age. Calcification rates of the amle's rib cartilage and the female's in all age groups are 3.3% (2/60) and 0.0% (0/60) (6-15 years): 33.3% (20/60) and 60.0% (36/60) (16-25 years): 40.0% (24/60) and 58.3% (35/60) (26-35 years), 56.7% (34/60) and 71.2% (43/60) (36-45 years). In 6-15 years group calcification rates of male and female had a similar rate, while female's rates were higher than male's rates in other three groups. Male and females mainly had the granular type of calcification [70.0% (56/80), 63.2% (72/114)].

CONCLUSIONSFemales who are over 16 years old should pay more attention to the possibility of middle-severe calcification before harvesting rib cartilage. These patients should take CT examination if necessary. In addition, the patients who had previous operation, or traumatic history, rib deformity, or spine deformity should select the CT examination.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Age Factors ; Calcinosis ; diagnostic imaging ; epidemiology ; Cartilage Diseases ; diagnostic imaging ; epidemiology ; Child ; Congenital Microtia ; Costal Cartilage ; diagnostic imaging ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Retrospective Studies ; Sex Factors ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

OBJECTIVETo explore the clinical effect of the method by using an expanded post-auricular skin flap combined with autologous rib cartilage framework for correction of concha-type microtia.

METHODSThe operation were performed in three stages. The expander was implanted under post-auricular skin at the first stage and expanded skin flap was formed. At the second stage, the expander was taken out and the expanded skin flap was transferred with autologous rib cartilage framework and skin graft for correction of microtia. At the third stage, the reconstructed ear was revised and new concha was formed.

RESULTSFrom August 2008 to August 2011, 108 cases with 113 concha-type microtia were corrected by this method. All patients healed primarily and were followed up for 6 months to 3 years. The reconstructed ears had a good appearance and position, and were symmetric to ear on the healthy sides.

CONCLUSIONSUsing expanded post-auricular skin flap combined with autologous rib cartilage framework is a reliable method for concha-type microtia.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Cartilage ; transplantation ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Ear, External ; abnormalities ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Reconstructive Surgical Procedures ; methods ; Ribs ; Skin Transplantation ; methods ; Surgical Flaps ; Tissue Expansion ; methods ; Transplantation, Autologous ; Treatment Outcome ; Young Adult

Objective Previons studies showed that,the gene of P16 is a kind of gene suppressing the cancer.its function once lose,the cell may change to cancer.Methods The expression of P16 has a closely relation with the malignant latent and evolve of the oesophagus cancer.ResulIs This research explored the relation between the P16 expression and the prognosis of oesophagus cancer,the results showed the positive rate of the expression of P16 is more low the rate ofexistence is more low,it in dicates the expression rate of P16 can reflect the prognosis of oesophagus cancer cell.Conclusion The expression of P16 missing or descending is closely rehted with the aggravate and evolve of oesophagus cancer,therefore the expression of P16 had a relation with the prognosis of oesophagus cancer.

Objective:To evaluate the role of esophagogastric junction contractile index (EGJ-CI) in distinguishing patients with refractory gastroesophageal reflux disease (RGERD) from functional heartburn (FH).Methods:From March 2014 to January 2018, 82 patients with proton pump inhibitor (PPI) refractory heartburn and/or regurgitation, who visited the Outpatient Department of Gastroenterology at The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University were enrolled, among them 50 patients with RGERD (RGERD group) and 32 patients with FH (FH group). EGJ-CI of RGERD group and FH group were compared. The sensitivity and specificity of EGJ-CI to distinguish RGERD from FH patients. The correlation between EGJ-CI and high resolution esophageal manometry parameters, baseline impedance level and 24 h impedance-pH monitoring parameters were analyzed. Mann-Whitney U test, receiver operator characteristic curve analysis and Spearman correlation analysis were used for statistical analysis. Results:The EGJ-CI of RGERD group was lower than that of FH group (25.8 mmHg·cm (14.1 mmHg·cm, 35.9 mmHg·cm)(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa) vs. 39.2 mmHg·cm (23.0 mmHg·cm, 60.8 mmHg·cm)), and the difference was statistically significant ( Z=-2.833, P=0.005). When the cut-off value of EGJ-CI was 35.8 mmHg·cm, the sensitivity and specificity to distinguish RGERD from FH were 76.0% and 62.5%, respectively; area under the curve was 0.69 (95% CI 0.57 to 0.81). EGJ-CI was positively correlated with lower sphincter resting pressure, integrated relaxation pressure, distal contractile integral, distal esophageal pressure, and mean nocturnal baseline impedance ( r=0.812, 0.631, 0.451, 0.490 and 0.401, all P<0.01). EGJ-CI was negatively correlated with DeMeester score, acid exposure time, total reflux episodes, acid reflux episodes, long reflux episodes and longest reflux time ( r=-0.363, -0.372, -0.346, -0.318, -0.300 and -0.291, all P<0.01). Conclusions:EGJ-CI can help to distinguish patients with FH from RGERD.

Esophagus ; Foreign Bodies ; Humans ; Infant ; Male

OBJECTIVETo analyze the imaging features of osteopoikilosis and its diagnosis knowledge.

METHODSThe imaging data of 9 patients with osteopoikilosis were analyzed retrospectively, including 6 familial cases and 3 sporadic cases. In 6 familial cases,there were 4 males and 2 females with an average age of 28 years old ranging from 10 to 63 years. Clinical manifestations of 1 familial case were left knee pain and limitation of activity for 3 years, and other 5 cases without clinical manifestation. In 3 sporadic cases, there were 2 males and 1 female with an average age of 33.7 years old ranging from 25 to 44 years. Three sporadic cases had obvious injury history with following up from 6 to 12 months. All imaging results of 9 cases were observed.

RESULTSThe imaging data of 6 familial osteopoikilosis showed the multiple round or oval nodes within bone with clear margins, uniform density, different size. The occurrence of the hyperostotic spots preferentially localized in the epiphyses and metaphyses of the long bones, and carpus and tarus. X-ray features of 3 sporadic osteopoikilosis were similar to that of 6 familial cases and for 6 to 12 months follow-up X-ray features were unchanged.

CONCLUSIONThe imaging features of osteopoikilosis are relatively specific such as the multiple mottling dense focal within bone with clear border and bilateral symmetry, and the focus located on cancellous bone and the diaphyses usually is unaffected. The imaging is a valuable examination for the accurate diagnosis of osteopoikilosis.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Child ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Osteopoikilosis ; diagnosis ; diagnostic imaging ; Pedigree ; Radiography ; Young Adult

Objective To investigate the effects of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) pretreatment on neuron apoptosis and the expression of Bcl-2 and Bax protein following global cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in gerbils. Method Forty-eight mongolian gerbils were randomly divided into six groups in equal number (n = 8): normal control group (group C), ischemia-reperfusion group (group I/R) and four BDNF pretreatment groups according to various lengths of time from BDNF pretreatment to ischemia-reperfusion. The BDNF pretreat-ment was carried out in gerbils with lateral ventricular injection of BDNF 0.5μg 6 h, 12 h,24 h and 48 hours be-fore cerebral ischemia, and those gerbils assigned into PR6, PR12, PR24 and PR48 groups. The global cerebral is-chemia-reperfusion was induced by occlusion of bilateral common carotid arteries for 20 minutes and then the arter-ies were released for 24 hours reperfusion. The confirmation of global cerebra ischemia was evidenced by the ap-pearance of mydriasis and disappearance of light reflex and righting reflex. Twenty-four hours later, all gerbils including those of control group were sacrificed and a piece of tissue was taken from frontal cortex just behind the optic chiasma 1～4 millimeter for making paraffin sections. Neuron apoptosis was identified by using TUNEL and immunohischemistry was used to detect the expression of Bcl-2 and Bax protein in cerebral cortex. The data were analyzed by using analysis of variance. Results There were no apoptotic cells, and expression of Bcl-2 and Bax protein positive cells found in group C. Neuron apoptosis in brain cortex was detected in I/R group and BDNF pre-treatment groups. The indexes of neuron apoptosis in BDNF pretreatment groups were markedly lower than those in group I/R (P < 0.01). Compared with group I/R, the index of expression of Bcl-2 protein positive cells was in-creased significantly in BDNF pretreatment groups (P = 0.005), while the index of expression of Bax protein posi-tive cells were decreased significantly (P < 0.01 in all groups). Among 4 BDNF pretreatment group, the lowest apoptosis index and lowest of expression of Bax protein positive cells were found in PR6 and PR12 BDNF pretreat-ment groups (P = 0.0056 and 0.001, respectively). Conclusions Different time windows of BDNF pretreatment can decrease the neuron apoptosis in different degree, and protect brain against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury significantly. Among BDNF pretreatment time windows, pretreatment of 6 hours and 12 hours are the better ones.The mechanism of protection of BDNF pretreatment may be attributed to inducing Bcl-2 protein expressions and in-hibiting Bax protein expressions, and thereby inhibiting neuron apoptosis.

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