The importance and necessity of undergraduates participating in the training plan of the medical research was clarified.Based on the actual ability of students and the characteristic of experimental teaching plan,we think that combination of experimental teaching of small group with research training is a strategy for enhancing the ability of the medical undergraduates to do research.This proposal will speed up the medical educational goal by the activation of novel idea,the cultivation of innovatory thought and the enhancement of creative ability.

Currently, multimedia teaching plays a more and more important role in colleges.However, the negative effects of multimedia teaching have gradually revealed because of the neglection of its limitations. In this article, strategies were proposed from three different aspects against disadvantages of multimedia teaching in colleges in order to improve its role more effectively.

OBJECTIVE:To observe clinical efficacy and safety of levofloxacin and azithromycin in the treatment of community acquired mycoplasma pneumonia (CAMP).METHODS:A total of 108 patients with CAMP were randomly divided into group A and group B (n=54).Group A received intravenous administration of levofloxacin (0.6 g,qd) and group B intravenous administration of azithromycinin (0.5 g,qd) for 7 days.The clinical efficacy and ADR of 2 groups were observed.RESULTS:The total effective rates of group A and group B were 83% and 56%,there was significant difference between 2 groups (P0.05).CONCLUSION:The clinical efficacy of levofloxacin in the treatment for CAMP is better than that of azithromycin.Levofloxacin and azithromycin have good safety.

Objective:To express Tumstatin_(183-230)-TRAIL fusion protein and to observe its biological functions.Methods: SOE-ing PCR was employed to amplify the recombinant sequence of Tumstatin_(183-230)and TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL_(114-281)).An expression vector pMAL-Tu-T was constructed by inserting Tu-T sequence into pMAL-c_2;the vector was used to transfect E.coli BL21(DE3)and expression of MBP-Tu-T fusion protein was induced by IPTG.Amylose Resin columns were employed to purify the fusion protein.The biological functions of MBP-Tu-T protein was examined by inhibitory test of endothelial cell proliferation,standard tumor cell cytotoxic assay,in vitro tube formation inhibition,and electron microscopic observation(apoptosis).Results:The expression rate of MBP-Tu-T fusion protein in E.coli was about 20%. Purified recombinant protein obviously inhibited endothelial cell proliferation(IC_(50)12.5?g/ml),induced apoptosis of pancreatic cancer cells,and inhibited tube formation.Conclusion:Constructed MBP-Tu-T fusion protein is bifunctional,which lays a solid foundation for further investigation of antitumor effect of Tumstatin_(183-230)-TRAIL in vivo.

Macrolactins are 24-membered macrolides produced by unidentified marine bacterium, Actinomadura sp. and Bacillus sp., which exhibit both antibacterial and antitumor activities in vitro. The environmental strain X-2 which was isolated from the sediment of the East China Sea produce Macrolatin A, B and O. In this study, a set of degenerate oligonucleotide primers, designed for amplification ketosynthase(KS) domains, had been employed to identify KS gene fragments of the X-2 DNA samples. One 645 bp KS fragment(GenBank accession no. EF486351)had been cloned and used as a probe to screen the genome DNA fosmid library of X-2. Three positive clones were selected and sequenced, Homologous analysis and the function prediction of the obtained PKS gene fragments suggested that macrolactin is the Polyketide Biosynthesis Product of the gene cluster obtained in the environmental strain X-2.

Objective To study the value of magnetic resonance vessel wall imaging in assessing the atherosclerotic plaque burden of rabbit model.Methods We built up abdominal atherosclerotic animal model in 30 New Zealand rabbits by high lipid diet combined with abdominal artery denudation.The animals were divided into 3 groups randomly,which were the 1-week group,1-month group and 2-months group.The MRI and histology examination were carried out at relative time points.The correlations of area or thickness of vessel wall by MRI with histology examination were analyzed.Results Among the 30 rabbits,3 died due to anesthesia or surgery,one rabbit model failed because of the thin vessel,and another 3 died of diarrhea or inflammation during the high lipid diet feeding.Eventually,totally 23 rabbits fulfilled the examinations (7 in 1-week group,7 in 1-month group and 9 in 2-months group).The vessel wall area of histology examination grew larger along with the post-surgery duration,from 1.7663 mm2of 1-week group to 2.4371 mm2 of the 1-month group till 3.5978 mm2 of 2-months group,with statistic significant difference among 3 groups (F=5.052,P=0.017).There were strong correlations of area or thickness vessel wall resulted from MRI with histology examination(r=0.688,0.642;P=0.001,0.002).Conclusions High resolution MR vessel wall imaging technique may evaluate and follow up the plaque burden in the early stage of atherosclerosis.

Objective To analyze the clinical effect of amitriptyline oral solution on respiratory symptoms in children with bronchitis. Methods A total of 234 patients were selected from the clinical treatment materials of children with bronchial disease aged 9 months to 9 years in Longyou People's Hospital from 2015 to 2016 and divided into two groups according to the differences in administration. The patients in the observation group were treated with ambrotenol oral solution and the control group was treated with ambroxol syrup. The clinical manifestations of the two groups were compared before and after treatment, including cough, sputum sticky, expectoration difficulties, wheeze and so on. Results After treatment the two groups of children with relevant diseases were all reduced than before treatment, respectively. After one day, three days and five days treatment, the observation group children cough, sputum viscous, expectoration difficulties, wheezing and other symptoms of the degree of relief and duration of symptoms and other aspects of the effect were higher than the control group, the data were statistically significant. (P<0.05). Conclusion Ampheturazole oral solution can effectively improve the respiratory symptoms of children with bronchitis, the treatment effect is remarkable.

Objective • To detect the effects of propofol sedation on cognitive function in rats and its mechanism. Methods • Forty-eight SD rats were randomly divided into three groups, i.e. control group, 100 mg/kg group and 300 mg/kg group. Rats were administrated intraperitoneally with propofol (10 mg/mL, 100 mg/kg or 300 mg/kg). The mRNA levels of brain derived neurotropic factor (BDNF)-TrkB/p75 signal molecules in rat hippocampus were evaluated by realtime PCR 45 min after propofol treatment. Learning and memory ability was examined by inhibitory avoidance (IA) test after propofol treatment. Results • The mRNA levels of BDNF in the hippocampal tissue were (1.20±0.13) fold (P=0.002) and (88±12)% (P=0.044) of that in control group, respectively, in 100 mg/kg group and 300 mg/kg group after injection of propofol. The mRNA levels of TrkB were (1.01±0.11) fold (P=0.982) and (86±11)% (P=0.018) of that in control group, respectively, in 100 mg/kg group and 300 mg/kg group. The mRNA levels of p75 were (1.02±0.10) fold (P=0.778) and (1.59±0.18) fold (P=0.000) of that in control group, respectively, in 100 mg/kg group and 300 mg/kg group. There was no significant difference of the 24 h IA memory retention latency between 100 mg/kg group and control group. The 24 h IA memory retention latency in 300 mg/kg group was significantly decreased compared with control group (P=0.028) and 100 mg/kg group (P=0.020). Conclusion • Propofol dose-dependently regulates the expression of BDNF-TrkB/p75 signal molecules, and high dose propofol may reduce cognitive function via BDNF-TrkB/p75 signal.

Objective: To detect the effects of propofol on rat hippocampal astrocytes and clarify its mechanism. Methods: According to the time after propofol injection, twenty-four SD rats were randomly divided into three groups, i. e. 0 min, 45 min and 90 min group. Rats were administrated intraperitoneally with propofol (10 mg/mL, 100 mg/kg body weight). The levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and S100β mRNA in rat hippocampus were evaluated by realtime PCR. And cell viabilities and levels of GFAP mRNA were examined in primary cultured hippocampal astrocytes induced by 10 μmol/L propofol with or without 10 μmol/L extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) inhibitor PD98059 pretreatment. Results: The mRNA levels of GFAP in the hippocampal tissue were (1.32±0.12) times (P=0.000) and (1.12±0.09) times (P=0.012) that in 0 min group, respectively, 45 min and 90 min after injection of propofol. The mRNA levels of S100β in the hippocampal tissue were (1.14±0.11) times (P=0.005) and (1.05±0.10) times (P=0.284) that in 0 min group, respectively, 45 min and 90 min after injection of propofol. The mRNA levels of GFAP and S100β were timedependently altered, first increasing, and then decreasing. In vitro, the cell viabilities (P=0.041) and levels of GFAP mRNA (P=0.026) in primary cultured hippocampal astrocytes were significantly elevated after propofol treatment, and these effects of propofol were reversed by ERK inhibitor PD98059. Conclusion: Propofol time-dependently upregulated the expression of GFAP and S100β via ERK signaling pathway in rat hippocampal astrocytes, so as to activate astrocytes.

Antrodia cinnamomea, an edible and medicinal fungus with significant economic value and application prospects, is rich in terpenoids, benzenoids, lignans, polysaccharides, and benzoquinone, succinic and maleic derivatives. In this study, the transcriptome of A. cinnamomea cultured on the wood substrates of Cinnamomum glanduliferum (YZM), C. camphora (XZM), and C. kanehirae (NZM) was sequenced using the high-throughput sequencing technology Illumina HiSeq 2000, and the data were assembled by de novo strategy to obtain 78,729 Unigenes with an N50 of 4,463 bp. Compared with public databases, about 11,435, 6,947, and 5,994 Unigenes were annotated to the Non-Redundant (NR), Gene Ontology (GO), and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genome (KEGG), respectively. The comprehensive analysis of the mycelium terpene biosynthesis-related genes in A. cinnamomea revealed that the expression of acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase (AACT), acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD), 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA), mevalonate pyrophosphate decarboxylase (MVD), and isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase (IDI) was significantly higher on NZM compared to the other two wood substrates. Similarly, the expression of geranylgeranyltransferase (GGT) was significantly higher on YZM compared to NZM and XZM, and the expression of farnesyl transferase (FTase) was significantly higher on XZM. Furthermore, the expressions of 2,3-oxidized squalene cyclase (OCS), squalene synthase (SQS), and squalene epoxidase (SE) were significantly higher on NZM. Overall, this study provides a potential approach to explore the molecular regulation mechanism of terpenoid biosynthesis in A. cinnamomea.