Chickenpox is an acute and highly infectious respiratory disease commonly seen in children.Varicela－zoster often results from the activation of latent virus in chickenpox called varicella－zoster virus（VZV）or called human herpesvirus type 3. Primary infection of VZV may induce typical disease of various severity and most healthy children infected with VZV have mild symptoms and good prognosis.But VZV infection，if occurs in special population such as persons of immune inhibition treatment will induce serious consequence or even death and it is as same serious as in adults.A detailed illustration of molecular biology，epidemiology，laboratory diagnosis，treatment and preventive strategy of the VZV were given.

AIM: To study the scavenging activities of Xiaoaiping Injection (Marsdenia tenacissima (Roxb) wight et Arn) for H2O2 and O2?- radicals by HPLC coupled with chemiluminescence and to trace the active constituents on line. METHODS: Solution of Xiaoaipin Injection was passed through HPLC to enter into the mixing tees (contained the luminol hydrogen peroxide solution and luminol pyrogallol solution,respectively),and recorded chemiluminescence signals were recorded,and their chemical structures were identified in combination with LCMS/MS. RESULTS: Three phenolic acids were identified,3-Caffeoylquinic acid,5-Caffeoylquinic acid,4-Caffeoylquinic acid,having scavenging activities for free radicals. CONCLUSION: Phenolic acids in Xiaoaiping Injection make a significant contribution to its scavenging activities for H2O2 and O2?-. It is shown that the method for on-line detection is an advantageous tool to rapidly determine antioxidants from traditional Chinese medicine.

Objective To observe the clinical effects of short-term intermittent ganeiclovir treatment on infants with cytomegalovirus (CMV) hepatitis. Methods The clinical data of infants with CMV hepatitis were analyzed retrospectively. The liver functions including total bilirubin (TBil), direct bilirubin (DBil), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and γ-glutamyltransferase (γ-GT) of the patients in treatment group (85 cases) and control group (37 cases) were collected before and after treatment. Meanwhile, the side effects of ganciclovir during treatment were observed. The measurement data were compared by analysis of variance and numeration data were compared by chi-square test. Results After short-term intermittent ganciclovir treatment in treatment group, TBil level was decreased from (109.1±677.8)μmol/L to (62.9±68.1)μmol/L (F=15.34,P<0.01); ALT level was decreased from (160.2±395.3) U/L to (68.1±56.0) U/L (F=4.73, P<0.05). In control group, TBil level was decreased from (94.9±647.4)μmol/L to (49.2±631.5) μmol/L (F=14.80, P<0.01) ; while ALT level was decreased from (131.6±206.2) U/L to (55.3±631.2) U/L (F=3.50, P=0.067). The readmission rate in control group was significantly higher than that in treatment group (21.6% vs 10.6%). Only one case (0.8%) received three times of intermittent ganciclovir treatment. The longest hospitalization time was six weeks. Conclusions Short-term intermittent ganciclovir treatment may be more suitable for infants with CMV hepatitis. There is no obvious side effect observed during the treatment and the hospitalization time can be shortened.

Along with the development of computer technologies and digitization of human body's information, the digital human entered into a new stage of modelling physical features from the stage of reconstructing anatomical structures. By summarizing domestic and abroad relevant documents, we in this paper present the general scheme of digital human and the location of physical human as well as its conception and applied value. We especially analyze the modeling process of physical human, core technologies and its research and applications in four main fields: electromagnetic radiation, ultrasound propagation, bioimpedance measurements and biomechanical analysis. We also analyze and summarize existing problems of present physical human model and point out the future development trends of physical human.
Biomechanical Phenomena ; Electric Impedance ; Electromagnetic Phenomena ; Humans ; Models, Anatomic ; Software ; Ultrasonics

Background Flickering light is different from the normal light environment.Animal experiment proved that flickering light can induce myopia.But its mechanism remains unclear.Objective This study was to investigate the expression of c-fos gene in retina of myopic C57BL/6J mice induced by flickering light and monocular form deprivation.Methods Ninety clean C57BL/6J mice aged 28-day-old with the similar refraction in both eyes were randomly assigned to five groups.Fifteen mice in the control group were exposed to continuous white light environment.The white flickering light with the frequency of 10,5,2 Hz were used to irradiate the mice respectively in high frequency flickering group (15 mice),moderate frequency flickering group (15 mice) and low frequency flickering group (15 mice),respectively.The right eyes of other 30 mice were monocularly occluded with a semitransparent hemispherical thin plastic shell to establish the form deprivation models and then were exposed to white light environment.The diopter and ocular axial length were measured by murine-specific eccentric infrared photorefraction and A-scan ultrasonography before experiment and two weeks after the treatments.At the end of experiment,the mice were sacrificed by neck dislocation.Mice eyes were enucleated and retinal samples were prepared for the detect of c-fos protein and its mRNA by immunohistochemistry,Western blot and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR),respectively.Results Immunohistochemistry showed that the expressing rate ofc-fos protein in retina was (68.000±10.368)％,(51.000±6.519)％,(46.000±6.519)％,(31.000±7.416)％ and (25.000 ± 7.071)％ in the control group,high frequency flickering group,moderate frequency flickering group,low frequency flickering group and form deprivation group respectively 2 weeks after experiment.The expression rates of c-fos protein in retina in different frequencies of flickering light groups and form deprivation group were significantly lower than that in the control group (t =3.104,4.017,6.490,7.661,all P＜0.05),with the lowest rate in the form deprivation group (P＜0.05).The expression of c-fos detected by Western blot assay exhibited that the relative values of c-fos protein in retina (c-fos/GAPDH) was 0.804±0.050,0.687±0.047,0.667±0.036,0.558±0.036 and 0.532 ±0.056,respectively in the control group,high frequency flickering group,moderate frequency flickering group,low frequency flickering group and form deprivation group,illustrating significantly lowing in different frequencies of flickering light groups and form deprivation group compared with control group (t =2.961,3.184,6.971,6.276,all P＜0.05),whereas the c-fos in the low frequency group and form deprivation group,c-fos protein was less expressed in comparison with the higher frequency flicking group (P＜0.05).The expression level of c-fos mRNA (c-fos mRNA/GAPDH mRNA) in retina was 0.820±0.056,0.663±0.061,0.627±0.034,0.521±0.041 and 0.474 ±0.045 in the control group,high frequency flickering group,moderate frequency flickering group,low frequency flickering group and form deprivation group,respectively.These results demonstrated a significant decline in the expression of c-fos mRNA in different frequencies of flickering group and form deprivation group compared with the control group(t=3.262,5.070,7.173,8.305,all P＜0.05),and the inhibition ability of low frequency of flickering group and form deprivation group was much stronger.Conclusions The c-fos gene level in the retina has a negative relationship with the severity of myopia induced by flickering light and form deprivation.

Objective To study the mechanism and characteristics of calcaneal fracture involving calcaneocuboid joint and its surgical clinical results. Methods 71 cases with 90 calcaneal fractures accompanied calcaneocuboid joint injury were reviewed in our hospital from February 1997 to April 2001, which included 61 ankles of 46 males and 29 ankles of 25 females with an average age of 38.7 years (range, 18 to 67 years). AP, lateral and axial view X-ray of both feet, broaden view X- ray of the affected foot, and CT scan were taken preoperatively. Among them, 45 ankles were examined with three dimensional reconstruction of CT as well. The calcaneocuboid joint injury were divided into 4 types as follows: typeⅠ(46/90) with one articular fracture line but no displacement; type Ⅱ(26/90) with one articular fracture line accompanied the displacement of fragment and the subluxation of calcaneocuboid joint; type Ⅲ (11/90) with two fracture articular lines, and the displacement of fragment as well as the subluxation of calcaneocuboid joint; and type Ⅳ (7/90) with three articular fracture lines and comminuted fracture or the subluxation of calcaneocuboid joint. Of 71 cases, 63 were operated at 3 to 7 days after injury, and 8 delayed at 10 to 14 days. The incision started at the middle point between the fibula and Achilles tendon proximal to the apex of lateral malleolus, and extended distally to the adjacent part of dorsal and plantar skin, then anterior to the base of fifth metatarsus. After the reduction of fractures, type Ⅰcalcaneal plate, designed by authours, was used for type Ⅰ,Ⅱand Ⅲ fractures, the anterior part of calcaneus was fixed with the vertical wing of plate; type Ⅱ calcaneal plate was used for type Ⅳfractures, the horizontal wing of plate was fixed to cuboid to stabilize the comminuted fragments of anterior calcaneus. Results Of 90 ankles, 78 were followed up for an average of 18.7 months (range, 12 to 32 months). The total excellent and good rate was 94.9% according to Marryland foot score. Furthermore, In type Ⅰ, the excellent and good rate was 100%, type Ⅱ 95.7%, type Ⅲ 88.9% and type Ⅳ 60%. Among the types Ⅳ fracture, 7 ankles obtained satisfied internal fixation, but in 4 of them the plates were broken after weight bearing walking. Conclusion The injury of calcaneocuboid joint is related with the severity of calcaneal fracture, attention should be paid and carried out with reliable internal fixation.

Objective To introduce the reconstruction of calcaneal thalamus by bone autograft and subtalar arthrodesis for severe deformities caused by malunion of calcaneal fractures and to discuss the indications and its advantages of the management. Methods From November 1998 to August 2002, 17 cases with 21 malunited calcaneal fractures were treated, which were 13 males and 4 females with an average age of 35.4 years( 25 to 45 years). Unilateral calcaneus was involved in 13 cases, and bilateral calcaneus was affected in 4 cases. The primary treatment was manipulation and immobilization with a cast in all patients. The interval from injury to the operation was on an average of 33.6 months(7 to 50.4 months). The common complaints were painful heels and walking difficulty. Furthermore, there was subluxation of talonavicular joint in 5 cases, protruded osteophyte and fragment from the lateral wall of calcaneus in 12 cases. Lateral, axial, and oblique roentgenograms were taken preoperatively, and three dimensional reconstruction of CT scan as well. Results The modified extended L-shaped approach lateral to calcaneus was used. The bulging lateral wall of calcaneus was excised and reserved for reconstruction of calcaneal thalamus if possible. While in some cases the bone autograft had to be harvested from iliac crest if the excised lateral wall was not available. After the cartilage of subtalar joint was removed completely, the calcaneal thalamus was reconstructed with the bone and fixed with 2 to 3 screws, the contour and position of calcaneus was conformed without valgus or varus by "C" arm intensifier. A short leg cast was used for immobilization one month after operation. Among the patients, 18 feet were followed up on an average of 14.5 months (9 to 22 months). The total excellent and good rate was 88.8% according to Maryland foot score system. Plain radiography showed that B hler angle, Gissane angle, talus inclining angle, width of calcaneus and height of calcaneal thalamus were restored to nearly normal. Conclusion The reconstruction of calcaneal thalamus by bone autograft combined with subtalar arthrodesis is an effective operation for severe malunion of calcaneal fractures, which can improve calcaneal abnormality, and make recovery of the shape of hind foot and functions satisfactorily.

Objective To introduce calcaneal osteotomy without subtalar fusion for calcaneal malunion and to discuss its indications, advantages and disadvantages. Methods From November 1998 to May 2003, 24 cases with 26 calcaneal malunion for 1 to 9 months were treated by calcaneal osteotomy without subtalar fusion. The average age was 32.6 years (range, 28 to 42 years). All patients underwent radiography including plain, axial and lateral views for calcaneus, oblique view for foot and three-dimensional CT imaging reconstruction. According to Sanders classification, 13 cases were of type Ⅱ(9Ⅱb, 4Ⅱc), 13 of type Ⅲ(8 Ⅲac, 5 Ⅲbc). Through the modified lateral L-shaped approach, the protruding lateral wall of calcaneus was resected and the posterior subtalar facet was reduced by elevating the fragment of the posterior subtalar facet upwards and backwards. The defect of calcaneus was filled with bone autografts. Iliac crest bone graft was used in 19 feet and the bone graft resected from the extruding lateral wall of calcaneus in 7 feet. The calcaneus was fixed with plate and screw. Results 21 feet were followed up for an average of 14.5 months (range, 9 to 22 months). No complications such as wound infection, screw breakage and calcaneum varus were found postoperatively. The average time for bone healing was 11.2 weeks (range, 10.5 to 13.3 weeks). The postoperative functional evaluation by Maryland foot score system revealed excellent result in 8 feet, good in 10, fair in 3. The rate of excellent to good results was 86%. Plain radiographs showed the nearly complete restoration of Bhler angle, Gissane angle, talus inclining angle, calcaneal width and height of the calcaneal thalamus. Conclusion Calcaneal osteotomy without subtalar fusion is an effective method for calcaneal malunion with advantages of correcting deformity markedly, restoring the function and the outer aspect of hindfoot satisfactorily.

Objective To understand change and pathogenesis of microalbuminuria(MAU) in cases of adiposity.Method MAU were measured by immunoturbidmetric methods 300 cases of adiposity and 100 cases of nomal children in morning,meanwhile blood press,blood su-gar,blood fat,blood insulin were measured.Results MAU was higher in cases of middle and severe adiposity than normal controls.The diffe-rence was significant(Pa