Objective: To investigate the time of rebleeding, the related risk factors and the prognosis of rebleeding in patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysms during the hospitalization. Methods: The clinical data of 253 hospitalized patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysms were analyzed retrospectively. They were divided into an early intervention (0 to 3 days) group (154 patients) and late intervention (4 to 28 days) groups (99 patients) according to the time of surgical or endovascular treatment. And then they were redivided into two subgroups according to whether they had rebleeding or not. Statistical methods were used to analyze the relationship between rebleeding and sex, age of the patients, site and size of the aneurysms, CT findings, Hunt-Hess grade, complicating hypertension, and the Glasgow Outcome Score (COS). Results: Circled digit one Of the 253 patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysms, 26 patients had rebleeding. The overall rebleeding rate was 10.3% (26/253) during hospitalization, 5. 2% (8/154) in the early intervention group and 18.2% (18/99) in the late intervention group; The median time between the first and to rebleeding was 6.5 days. Circled digit two There were significant differences in age and whether complicating hypertension or not between the patients with rebleeding and non-rebleeding in the early intervention group (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in age and whether complicating hypertension or not between the patients with rebleeding and non-rebleeding in the late intervention group (P > 0.05). Circled digit three There were no significant differences in patients sex and age, site and size of aneurysm, CT findings, and Hunt-Hess grade between the early intervention and late intervention groups in patients with rebleeding and non-rebleeding (P > 0.05). Circled digit four There were significant differences in GOS among the whole group of patients, early intervention and late intervention groups, in patients with or without rebleeding (P < 0.05). The GOS in patients with rebleeding was significantly lower than that in patients with non-rebleeding. Circled digit five The mortality rate of rebleeding in the whole group was 13.8% (35/253), of those, 10.1% (23/227) was in the non-bleeding group, and 46.2% (12/26) was in the bleeding group. There was significant difference between the two groups (χ2 = 25.499, P < 0.05). The mortality rate of rebleeding was 62.5% (5/8) in the early intervention group, and 38.9% (7/18) in the late intervention group; however, there was no significant difference between the two groups (χ2 = 1.242, P > 0.05). Conclusions: Circled digit one The rebleeding rate of the ruptured aneurysms in the late intervention group was significantly higher than that in the early intervention group, and it is indicated that early surgery or endovascular treatment could reduce the incidence of rebleeding; Circled digit two the early rebleeding was associated with the age of patients and complicating hypertension; the advanced age and complicating hypertension were the risk factors for early rebleeding, while the late rebleeding was not significantly associated with the age of patients and complicating hypertension; Circled digit three There were no significant correlation between the rebleeding of ruptured aneurysms and sex, site and size of aneurysm, CT findings, and Hunt-Hess grade of the patients; Circled digit four the rebleeding of ruptured aneurysms markedly increased the mortality rate of patients.

Blood-brain barrier is a natural protection for human body. It protects central nervous system from the interruption and damage of xenobiotics. However, it prevents potential drugs aimed at central nervous system, thus becomes an obstruction for the development of central nervous system drugs. The recent development of blood-brain barrier permeability research and several lead optimization strategies to improve blood-brain barrier permeability are reviewed. These structure optimization methods include increasing lipophilicity, reducing hydrogen bond doners, simplifying molecule, increasing rigidity, lowering polar surface area, avoiding acid group, prodrug strategy, modifying into active transporter's substrates, as well as avoiding P-glycoprotein recognized structures.
ATP-Binding Cassette, Sub-Family B, Member 1 ; metabolism ; Biological Transport ; Blood-Brain Barrier ; Central Nervous System ; drug effects ; Central Nervous System Agents ; pharmacokinetics ; Drug Design ; Humans ; Permeability ; Xenobiotics ; adverse effects

Blood-brain barrier is a natural protection for human body. It protects central nervous system from the interruption and damage of xenobiotics. However, it prevents potential drugs aimed at central nervous system, thus becomes an obstruction for the development of central nervous system drugs. The recent development of blood-brain barrier permeability research and several lead optimization strategies to improve blood-brain barrier permeability are reviewed. These structure optimization methods include increasing lipophilicity, reducing hydrogen bond doners, simplifying molecule, increasing rigidity, lowering polar surface area, avoiding acid group, prodrug strategy, modifying into active transporter's substrates, as well as avoiding P-glycoprotein recognized structures.

Cell Line ; Glucocorticoids ; pharmacology ; HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins ; metabolism ; Humans ; Mucin 5AC ; metabolism ; Respiratory System ; drug effects ; metabolism

AIM: To investigate the effect of ginsenoside-Rg3 on the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in retina with diabetic rats and its roles in preventing neovascularization in diabetes. METHODS: Sixty male Wistar rats were divided into 3 groups randomly: negative control group, diabetic control group and ginsenoside-Rg3 treatment group (5mg/kg, 0.2mg/mL) followed by establishing diabetic model. The expression of VEGF and TNF-α were measured after 8 weeks. RESULTS: There were significant differences among negative control group, diabetic control group and ginsenoside-Rg3 treatment group in the expression of VEGF and TNF-α (F=129.363, 211.992; all the P<0.01). VEGF and TNF-α expression were significantly higher in diabetic control group and ginsenoside-Rg3 treatment group than that in negative control group (P<0.01), with a significant reduction in ginsenoside-Rg3 treatment group than that in diabetic control group (P<0.01). CONCLUSION: Ginsenoside-Rg3 can down-regulate the expression of VEGF and TNF-α in retina, which may interfere in the development of diabetic retinopathy.

Objective To understand the status and distribution of the Xinjiang Uygur and Han middle-aged and elderly population who suffer from cardio-cerebral vascular disease.Methods From July 2004 to June 2007,multi-stage stratified random cluster sampling methods was adopted to collect the random samples older than 50-year-old suffering from cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease in South Xinjiang.Results In the 3685 Uygur and Han ethnic elderly people,the prevalence of hypertension,diabetes,lipid disorders,cerebrovascular disease and dementia were 28.20%,6.70%,15.39%,12.46% and 4.10% respectively in the southern border regions of Xinjiang.Except hypertension,the prevalence rate of other cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases in Uygurs and hans had significant differences.The survey found that the prevalence rate of dyslipidemia and diabetes in Hans was higher than the Uygurs,while the Uygurs prevalence rate of cerebrovascular disease and dementia.Conclusion The Xinjiang Uygur and Han elderly are faced with a grim situation of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases;there are significant differences for the nationality and gender.

This article stated the status,major problems and methods in medical professional English teaching.The effective ways might be by means of training teachers,writing suitable textbooks,providing professional English speaking environment and improving model of teaching.

Objective To compare the biomechanical differences between injectable calcium sulfate hemihydrate to fill the bone graft fixed and a simple fixed tibial plateau fractures.Methods Create a rabbit osteoporosis tibial plateau collapse fracture model,filled with calcium sulfate bone graft and Kirschner wire fixation on a regular basis based on general observation,the general X-ray,bone mineral density ( BMD ) analysis,non-decalcified biopsy,mechanical loading experiment.Results Ordinary X-ray observations suggested that the fracture zone filled with calcium sulfate gradually degraded and absorbed by new bone tissue replacement.The 1,2,3,4,6,8,12 weeks after the filling of the bone cement treatment group rabbit calcium sulfate bone cement sample of the BMD of the fracture,the axial load carrying capacity was significantly higher than the blank control group,the difference was statistically significant ( P ＜ 0.01 ).Conclusion Osteoporosis rabbit tibial plateau fracture filling calcium sulfate bone cement early can increase bone density,improve the axial load carrying capacity.

Objective To investigate the effects of desflurane and/or nitric oxide (NO) on the lung injury induced by ischemia-reperfusion ( I/R) during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in children with pulmonary hypertension secondary to congenital heart disease (CHD) .Methods Forty children with CHD and pulmonary hypertension (24 male, 16 female) aged 0.6-3.7 yrs weighing 7.1-11.9 kg undergoing cardiac surgery under CPB were randomly divided into 4 groups ( n = 10 each): group control; group DES; group NO and group DES + NO. The patients were premedicated with oral midazolam 0.5 mg?kg-1. Anesthesia was induced and maintained with fentanyl and vecuronium. Radial artery was cannulated for MAP monitoring and blood sampling. Pulmonary catheter was placed under direct vision after chest was opened. The patients received inhalation of desflurane (1-1.3 MAC) (group DES)/NO (10-20 ppm) (group NO) /DES + NO (group DES + NO) immediately after pulmonary catheterization until the start of CPB. MAP, PAP, peak airway pressure (Ppeak) and compliance of respiratory system (Crs) were recorded at 5 min after induction (T0 ), 5 min before CPB (T1 ), 5 min after start of CPB (T2) and at the end of surgery (T3) . Blood samples were taken at T0 and T3 for determination of methemoglobin (Met-Hb), soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1), XOD and MDA.Results The four groups were comparable with respect to age, M/F ratio, body weight, duration of CPB and type of operation performed. MAP was significantly decreased after inhalation of desflurane alone or desflurane + NO before CPB ( at T1) as compared to the baseline value at T0; while PAP was significantly decreased after inhalation of NO alone or NO+ desflurane before CPB (at T1) as compared to the baseline value. Ppeak was significantly lower while Crs was significantly higher at end of surgery (T3) in group NO and NO + desflurane than in control group. Blood sICAM-1 and MDA concentrations and XOD activity were significantly lower at the end of surgery (T3 ) in group DES, NO and DES + NO than in control group. Met-Hb was significantly increased at the end of surgery (T2) as compared to the baseline (T0) in group NO and DES + NO but was still within normal range. Conclusion Inhalation of desflurane and/or NO can ameliorate the lung injury during CPB in children with pulmonary hypertension secondary to CHD, in addition to inhibit the pulmonary hypertension.

Objective To investigate the related factors for Alzheimer's disease(AD) in Han versus Uygur populations in Uygur Autonomous Region.Methods A case-control study was conducted.Firstly,people over 50 years old were involved in epidemiology inquisition in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region.Then we screened for dementia by MMSE and scrutinized the person who got the score of MMSE for illiteracy(≤17),elementary school(＜20),middle school and above it(＜ 24)by Hachinski Ischemic Score(HIS) and activity of daily living scale(ADL).Finally,AD cases were diagnosed by standard of the national institute of neurologic,communicative disorders and stroke and AD-related disorders association (NINCDS-ADRDA),and controls were selected based on age roughly.Univariate and multivariate analysis of related factors for AD in the two populations were conducted by using logistic regression mode.Results There were 109 AD cases and 218 controls in Han population and 127 AD cases and 254 controls in Uygur population.Logistic regression analysis showed that the risk for AD in Han population was increased by 3.078,1.369 and 2.794 folds respectively in women,people with high level of serum total cholesterol and people with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol as compared with men,people with normal level of serum total cholesterol and people with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(OR =3.078,1.369 and 2.794,respectively,all P＜ 0.05); and the risk for AD in Uygur population was increased by 3.279,3.447,1.407 and 1.746 folds respectively in women,people with brain trauma history,and people with high level of serum triglyceride and total cholesterol as compared with men,people without brain trauma history and with normal level of serum triglyceride and total cholesterol(OR=3.279,3.447,1.407 and 1.746,all P＜ 0.05).Conclusions The study demonstrates that female and high total cholesterol are the risk factors for AD in both of Han and Uygur populations.High level of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol is one of the risk factors for AD in Han population,and brain trauma history and high level of serum triglyceride are risk factors for AD in Uygur population.