Reviewing the literatures about adverse reactions induced by traditional Chinese medicine injections (TCMI) reported on CNKI from 1983 to 2013. Analyzing the causes of adverse reactions induced by TCMI from its quality standards. Provide ideas for improving security of TCMI and completing its quality standards. This review indicates that TCMI-induced adverse reactions have little relationship with the number of compositions, but have tight connection with chemical ingredients and solvents. Adverse reactions can be decreased by perfecting the quality standards of TCMI.
Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems ; Drug Therapy ; standards ; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions ; epidemiology ; etiology ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; administration & dosage ; adverse effects ; standards ; Humans ; Injections ; Quality Control

ObjectiveTo investigate the associations between microalbuminuria and early atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetes.MethodsWe measured the combined intima-media thickness (IMT) of the common carotid arteries and the inner diameter (ID) of tibia artery with high resolution ultrasound in 30 type 2 diabetic patients,and compared with 13 age-matched non-diabetics as control.The diabetic patients were subgrouped into DM-A subjects whose urinary albumin excretion were normal,and DM-B subjects who were with microalbuminuria,and DM-C subjects who with macroalbuminuria.ResultsThe results showed that the IMT values were greater in diabetic patients than in control subjects(0.65±0.12 mm vs 0.48±0.06mm,P<0.001),and greater in group of DM-B and DM-C than in group of DM-A.The ID of tibia artery were smaller in diabetic subjects than in controls (1.98±0.49mm vs 2.45±0.30mm,P<0.01),and smaller in DM-B and DM-C group than DM-A.Besides,multiple linear regression analysis demonstrated that the risk factors for IMT and ID of tibia artery of type 2 diabetes were diabetic duration,total cholesterol levels,blood pressure and urinary albumin excretion.ConclusionIt can be concluded that microalbuminuria is related to atherosclerosis at early stage of the disease process.

Objective To investigate the associations between microalbuminuria and early atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetes.Methods We measured the combined intima-media thickness (IMT) of the common carotid arteries and the inner diameter (ID) of tibia artery with high resolution ultrasound in 30 type 2 diabetic patients,and compared with 13 age-matched non-diabetics as control.The diabetic patients were subgrouped into DM-A subjects whose urinary albumin excretion were normal,and DM-B subjects who were with microalbuminuria,and DM-C subjects who with macroalbuminuria.Results The results showed that the IMT values were greater in diabetic patients than in control subjects (0.65 ?0.12 mm vs 0.48?0.06mm, P

OBJECTIVE:To provide basic industrial research and development recommendations for the supply-side structural reform in drug distribution in China. METHODS:Structure-conduct-performance(SCP)analysis paradigm from Harvard was used for in-depth study of market structure,business conduct and business performance in China since 2010. RESULTS:Since 2010, drug distribution industry in China had shown the scale of decline in the growth rate,low market concentration,increased barriers to entry,the leading of state-owned capital,etc. Though corporate mergers and acquisitions and public financing expanded the scale,management information,third-party logistics,Internet+and pharmacy alliance business model flourished,the industry op-erating performance was poor,state-owned enterprises showed poor performance. CONCLUSIONS:The transformation and upgrad-ing of the industry business model should be promoted by targetedly accelerating the supply-side structural reforms in the drug distri-bution industry,encouraging corporate finance mergers,breaking local protectionism,developing cooperative pharmacies and phar-maceutical third-party logistics alliances and leveraging the Internet.

OBJECTIVETo explore the therapeutic efficacy of unilateral multiple channels approach in percutaneous vertebroplasty (PVP) for osteoporotic vertebral fractures.

METHODSA retrospective review (from March 2003 to October 2012) was conducted on 685 consecutive patients, a total of 885 vertebrae were involved. Eighty-two cases (99 vertebrae) with bone cement leakage when less than 0.3 ml bone cement was injected to fill the fracture were given PVP procedure by unilateral multiple channels approach. 38 cases were male (45 vertebrae) and 44 cases were female (54 vertebrae). The average age was 75.4 years old (from 69 to 92). The operation time, amount of injected bone cement and complications were recorded. Rate of excellent and good outcomes was studied by measuring the cement distribution on the X-ray film. The visual analogue scale (VAS) score and Oswestry disability index (ODI) system were used to evaluate the pain relief and improvement of daily activity function respectively at preoperation and 1 hour, 1 month, 3 months and 6 months after operation.

RESULTSAll these ninety-nine vertebrae were treated in 82 cases with PVP of unilateral multiple channels approach. The average operation time was 33 minutes. The rate of excellent and good outcomes of cement distribution was 98.8%. The VAS score was (8.40 +/- 0.73) before surgery,and (2.50 +/- 0.43), (2.00 +/- 0.33), (1.80 +/- 0.28), (2.10 +/- 0.17) at 1 hour, 1 month,3 months and 6 months respectively after operation. ODI was (40.94 +/- 2.72) before surgery, (9.64 +/- 2.60) at 1 month after surgery, (8.52 +/- 2.30) at 3 months after surgery and (7.77 +/- 2.15) at the final follow-up. The differences of the VAS and ODI between pre-operation and post-operation had statistical significance (P<0.01). No spine or nerve injuries occurred intraoperatively.

CONCLUSIONThe unilateral multiple channels approach in percutaneous vertebroplasty can obviously relieve the pain and effectively improve the functional activity, provide a satisfied cement distribution in vertebral body with cement leakage after a small amount infusion.

Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Bone Cements ; Female ; Fractures, Compression ; surgery ; Humans ; Male ; Osteoporosis ; surgery ; Retrospective Studies ; Spinal Fractures ; surgery ; Treatment Outcome ; Vertebroplasty

Objective To study the preventive effects of erythropoietin (EPO) on acute tubular necrosis of kidney in rats. Method The rat models of acute renal tubular necrosis were established with injecting glycerol in dose of 10 mL/kg. Thirty Wistar rats were randomly (random number) divided into control group, model group and EPO treatment group. EPO was administered intravenously into rats of treatment group in a dose of 1000IU/kg. Levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine (Scr), urine osmolality, urine N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), urine β2-microglobulin (β2-MG), tissue MDA and SOD of rats in the three groups were assayed after the experiment. Renal histological examination was also performed. Results Compared with model group, the levels of BUN and Scr, urine osmolality, NAG,β2-MG and tissue MDA in EPO treament group were significantly lower, but urine osmolality and tissue SOD of rats remarkably increased in comparison with model group. EPO also lessened the histological changes in treatment group. Conclusions EPO has some protective effects on acute renal tubular necrosis in rats, which is probably through preventing oxygen free radical damage and elevating endogenous antioxidation potential.

Aim To investigate the effects of Aplysin on the inhibition of gastric cancer cell in vitro .Methods MTT assay was used to examine the inhibition of gastric cancer cell 1ine SGC-7901 by Aplysin in different concentrations and at different times.The morphologic changes and the apoptosis of SGC-7901 was observed by inverted microscope and Hematoxylin-Eosin(HE)staining.Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR)assay was used to detect the changes of COX-2 mRNA expressions.Results Aplysin could decrease the proliferation significantly in a dose-dependent manner in SGC-7901 cells.When treating SGC-7901 with Aplysin in concentration of 120, 240 mg·L~(-1) for 24 h, the growth of the cell was obviously inhibited observing by inverted microscope.Aiso, when treating with the same concentration for 18 h, its chromatin became crimpled and breakdown, as well as cell shrinkage and apoptotic bodies formation when using HE staining.The apoptotic rates(%)of SGC-7901 was(15.0±2.12)%, (18.4±2.3)%, respectively, which was significantly higher than(1.4±0.55)% that in control group(P <0.01).60、120、240 mg·L~(-1) Aplysin could not effectively inhibited the mRNA expressions of COX-2(P ＞0.05).Conclusions Aplysin can inhibit the proliferation and induces apoptosis of SGC-7901 cells.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the postoperative morbility of deep fungal infections and the source and composition of the pathogenic fungi.METHODS Clinical data of 816 patients with post-operative deep fungal infections from Jul 2006 to Jun 2008 were reviewed and analyzed retrospectively.RESULTS The detectable rate of post-operative deep fungal infections was 24.82%,among which Candida albicans was the most common(65.69%),followed by C.tropicalis(10.57%);the rate of broad-spectrum antibiotic application in peri-operation was 96.45%;the infection site in the descending order was cardio-thorax,gastrointestinal tract,urinary tract,female reproductive system,blood and skeleton.CONCLUSIONS Operative trauma is an important factor that causes deep fungal infections in hospital,and is closely related to broad-spectrum antibiotic application.Positive prevention,timely diagnosis and effective treatment should be highly emphasized when dealing with post-operative deep fungal infections.

Objective To investigate the relationship between interleukin (IL)-28B gene polymorphisms (rs12979860 and rs8099917) and treatment response in patients with chronic hepatitis C in China.Methods Taqman probes single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping methods were used to detect the genotypes of rs12979860 (C/T) and rs8099917 (T/G) located at IL-28B gene in 105 included patients.The patients were treated with standard doses of pegylated interferon plus ribavirin and were followed up regularly for therapeutic response and adverse reaction.The relationship between IL-28B gene polymorphism and antiviral treatment response of patients were analyzed.Categorical data were analyzed using Pearson chi-square test or Fisher exact test.Results Totally 105 cases were included in our study and 2 cases lost to follow-up because of moving away.Eight-one cases (78.6%) of the remaining 103 patients were CC/TT genotype (CC/TT group) at rs12979860 and rs8099917, 19 cases (18.4%) were CT/TG (CT/TG group) and 3 cases (2.9%)were TT/TG (TT/TG group).No other genotypes were detected and linkage disequilibrium was discovered at the two polymorphism loci (r2=0.11).After 4 weeks of treatment, 35 cases (43.2%) in CC/TT group, 3 cases (15.8%) in CT/TG group and non in TT/TG group achieved rapid virological response (RVR).There were statistically significant differences among three groups (P=0.033).After 12 weeks of treatment, 45 cases (55.6%) in CC/TT group, 6 cases (31.6%) in CT/TG group and none in TT/TG group achieved early virological response (EVR).There were statistically significant differences among three groups (P=0.025).At the end of the treatment, 68 cases (83.9%) in CC/TT group, 10 cases (52.6%) in CT/TG group and only 1 case (33.3%) in TT/TG group achieved end-of-treatment response (ETR).There were significant statistical differences among the three groups (P=0.003).After 24 weeks of follow-up, 62 cases (76.5%) in CC/TT group, 9 cases (47.4%) in CT/TG group and 1 case (33.3%) in TT/TG group achieved sustained virological response (SVR).There were statistically significant differences among the three groups (P=0.014).One hundred and one cases in CC/TT group developed adverse events, among them 19 cases needed clinical treatment.There were 43 cases in CT/TG group developed adverse events and 9 cases needed treatment.Seven cases in TT/TG group developed adverse events and only 1 case needed treatment.There were no statistically significant difference among three groups (χ2=0.139,P>0.05).Conclusions The genotype of rs12979860 (C/T) and rs8099917 (T/G) at IL-28B gene could affect the treatment response in patients with chronic hepatitis C.RVR and SVR are higher in patients with genotype CC/TT, which might help to guide HCV treatment.

ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of early inhaled budesonide on the expression of nuclear factor-kappa B(NF-κB) and intercellular adhesion molecule(ICAM-1) in airway epithelial cells of asthma rats.Methods30 rats were randomly divided into three groups:control group, asthma group and therapeutic group with inhaled budesonide.The expression of NF-κB and ICAM-1 in bronchial epithelium were observed with immunohistochemical staining and computer image analysis system.ResultsThe expression of NF-κB, ICAM-1 and subepithelial collagen deposition were significantly highly in asthma group than those of control group and of therapeutic group (P<0.01 respectively). There was a close correlation between the expression of NF-κB and ICAM-1 in asthma rats (r=0.61,P<0.01), as well as between the expression of ICAM-1 and supepithelial collagen(r=0.47,P<0.01).ConclusionThe excessive expression of NF-κB and ICAM-1 play an important role in the pathogenesis of airway remodeling in asthma.Budesonide can influence airway remodeling by downregulating the expression of NF-κB and ICAM-1.