BACKGROUND: Tissue engineering provides a new way for the repair of urinary tissue and organ defects.Urinary tissue engineering has shown a bright prospect.OBJECTIVE: To review the latest research on urinary tissue engineering at national and international level.METHODS: With the keywords of tissue engineering, urology, scaffold, vascularization in Chinese and in English,respectively, a computer-based search for articles published from January 2000 to January 2016 was performed in CNKI and PubMed databases. The articles addressing urology tissue engineering, scaffolds and vascularization were collected,summarized and analyzed.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The selection and cultivation of seed cells, scaffold material performance, tissue construction in vitro, and degree of vascularization all make an important influence on the repair of urinary injuries. As different seed cells hold different biological characteristics, we should make full consideration prior to choosing an appropriate seed cell, so as to pave a good foundation for urinary tissue engineering. Scaffolds with good three-dimensional structure can promote the cell growth and proliferation, tissue in-growth and vascularization.Tissue-engineered materials are superior to traditional repair materials, but still on initial stage, and further large scale trials will be necessary. Moreover, some problems needed to be solved, such as the regenerated tissue with incomplete function different from natural tissues, and regeneration failure caused by biological stent rejection.

Objective:To investigate the differences in related indices of ulcerative colitis (UC) respectively induced by free drinking and intragastric administration of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) in mice to provide experimental reference for the optimization of UC model.Methods:Totally 30 C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into the normal control group,free drinking group and intragastric administration group with 10 ones in each.The mice drank water freely with free drinking or intragastric administration of 3% DSS solution at the dose of 4 g·kg-1·day-1 for 7 days to establish the UC model.The differences in disease activity index (DAI),histological damage sore and activity of myeloperoxidase (MPO) among the groups were compared.Results:Two mice died during the experiment in the free drinking group,and DAI of survival mice was (8.8±1.6).There was no death of mice in intragastric administration group,and DAI was (9.0±0.8),and there was no significant difference in DAI between the groups (P>0.05),while the coefficient of variation in the free drinking group was higher than that in the intragastric administration group (18.7 vs 8.6).The colonic histological damage score of the free drinking group and the intragastric administration group was 24.8±4.2 and 27.0±2.8,respectively,which was typical inflammatory change with no significant difference (P>0.05),while the coefficient of variation of the free drinking group was higher than that of the intragastric administration group (16.9 vs 10.4).MPO of the normal control group,free drinking group and intragastric administration group was (0.41±0.03),(2.32±0.34) and (2.05±0.18) U·g-1,respectively.Compared with the normal control group,significant difference in MPO was shown in the free drinking group and the intragastric administration group (P<0.01),while there was no significant difference in MPO between the groups (P>0.05),and the coefficient of variation in the free drinking group was higher than that in the intragastric administration group (14.7 vs 8.8).Conclusion:Both free drinking and intragastric administration of DSS can successfully induce the UC model in mice.Compared with the free drinking group,the intragastric administration group has low mortality rate and low coefficient of variation.Therefore,intragastric administration has more advantages than free drinking in inducing the UC model in mice.

Objective To define the functional mechanisms of two NSAIDs , paracetamol and ibuprofen , in specif-ic brain regions in headache control by observing the distribution of Fos -immunoreactive neurons in trigeminal ganglia and trigeminal nucleus caudalis in conscious rat models of vasculogenic headache .Methods Thirty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups: control group ( saline group ) , acetaminophen group and ibuprofen group .Each rat was given electrical stimulation ( frequency 20 Hz, current 3-5 mA, pulse width 0.25 ms) at 50 minutes after injec-tion .The rats were killed and perfusion fixed after electrical stimulation .Trigeminal ganglia and trigeminal nucleus caudalis of the brains were taken out for paraffin sections and immunohistochemical staining , and Fos-immunoreactive neurons were counted under the Image J system .Results After electrical stimulation , there were significant differences of Fos protein expression in bilateral trigeminal ganglia and spinal trigeminal nucleus caudalis between the saline group and groups of non -steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs , but no significant difference of Fos protein expression in bilateral trigeminal ganglia and spinal trigeminal nucleus caudalis between the acetaminophen group and ibuprofen group .Conclusions The changes of Fos expression in bilateral trigeminal ganglia and spinal trigeminal nucleus caudalis after treatment with NSAIDs suggest that such structures participate in the pain transmission and expression and the pharmacology course of analgesic drugs .

This study examined the association of a common polymorphic allele (25G) of the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein1 (LRP1) gene with myocardial infarction (MI). The genotypes of LRP1 25CG (rs35282763) were determined in 347 MI patients and 347 age- and sex-frequency-matched controls from an unrelated Chinese Han population. Factor VIII (FVIII) levels were measured in the MI patients and controls by chromogenic assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results showed that LRP1 25CG (rs35282763) genotype distribution did not differ significantly between patients (n=206 for 25CC, n=122 for 25CG) and controls (n=191 for 25CC, n=126 for 25CG; P>0.05). The 25G allele was not associated with a reduced risk of MI (P>0.05). Further stratifications for age, sex, and other cardiovascular risk factors did not affect the negative findings. It was concluded that the presence of the G allele at the 25CG (rs35282763) polymorphism of the LRP1 is not associated with a reduced risk of MI, and genotyping for LRP1 25CG (rs35282763) polymorphism is not useful in assessing the individual risk of MI.

The immune effect of CD4~+CD28~-T cells on Graves'ophthalmopathy(GO)was investigated.The expressions of interferon-γ(IFN-γ),interleukin-2(IL-2),and IL-4 in CD4~+ CD28~-T ceils were assayed by flow cytometry in GO patients,Graves'disease(GD)patients without ophthalmopathy,and healthy control subjects.The results showed that the percentage of CD4~+CD28~-T cells significantly increased in GO patients(P<0.05),with increased IFN-γ expression(P<0.05)and decreased IL-2 expression(P<0.05).These changes were closely correlated with clinical activity score(P<0.05).There were no significant differences in IL-4 expression among three groups.The resuh suggests that CIM~+ CD28~- T cells which hishly secrete IFN-γare related to the pathological lesion of GO.

Background:Peroral endoscopic myotomy(POEM)is a novel minimally invasive endoscopic technique for treatment of esophageal achalasia(EA). It has been demonstrated to be safe and effective in several short-term clinical studies, however,studies focusing on its mid- and long-term outcome are rare. Aims:To investigate the mid-and-long term efficacy of POEM in EA patients. Methods:A retrospective analysis was performed in 41 EA patients who underwent POEM in the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology of Nanjing General Hospital of Nanjing Military Region from Jul. 2012 to Dec. 2013. All these patients were followed up periodically for clinical symptoms(Eckardt score),maximum esophageal diameter and lower esophageal sphincter pressure(LESP),and the intra- and post-operative complications and recurrence were recorded. Results:POEM was successfully completed in all 41 EA patients,the mean operative time was(69. 5 ± 20. 6)min(range 35-125 min),and the mean length of hospital stay was 3. 5 days. Compared with the pre-operative data,the post-operative Eckardt score,maximum esophageal diameter and LESP during follow-up(mean 26. 3 months, range 19-36 months)were significantly decreased(P all < 0. 05). Procedure-related complications were seen in 6 patients (14. 6% );the clinical success rate was 95. 1%(39 / 41)and the recurrence rate was 2. 4%(1 / 41). Conclusions:POEM is safe and effective in mid-and-long term follow-up with low recurrence rate. It might become the first-line therapy for EA,and the long-term efficacy and complications need further follow-up study.

Objective Fecal biomarkers have emerged as an important tool for assessing and monitoring disease activity in patients with inflammatory bowel disease ( IBD) .We aimed to investigate the diagnostic value of fecal neopterin and calprotectin in pa-tients with active inflammatory bowel disease and made comparison with that of serum C-reactive protein ( CRP) . Methods A total of 151 consecutive patients with IBD (84 CD and 67 UC) provided 2 gram fecal samples for the measurement of fecal neopterin( FNP) and calprotectin( FCP) concentrations and 2 milliliter blood samples for the serum C-reactive protein measurement before undergoing a colonoscopy.ELISA was applied in the measurement.Clinical disease activities were scored independently according to the Best Crohn′s Disease Activity Index(CDAI) in patients with CD, while the Modi-fied Mayo Scores in patients with UC.Comaprison was made in the relativity of each fecal marker and IBD activity score, the optimum value of diagnosing IBD acitivity as to each fecal marker, as well as sensitivity, specificity, moreover, receiver operating characteristic curve ( ROC) was drawn.50 healthy volunteers who received a normal colonoscopy were also enrolled as the control group and asked to give a 2 gram fresh stool sample. Results The FNP and FCP concentrations in patients with IBD were significantly higher than those in healthy control group(P<0.05).Both FNP and FCP concentrations differed significantly in clinically active IBD when compared with those in patients with inactive disease( P<0.001) .In CD patients, the correlation coefficients of FNP and FCP with CDAI were 0.55 and 0.59, respectively(P<0.001).In UC patients, the correlation coefficients of FNP and FCP with Mayo scores were 0.74 and 0.77, respectively( P<0.001) .The correlation coefficients of serum CRP in CD and UC patients with clinical scores were 0.49 and 0.60, respectively(P<0.001).The area under the ROC curve(AUC) of FNP and FCP for the diagnosis of clinical activity in pa-tients with CD were 0.75 and 0.80, respectively.The AUC of FNP and FCP in UC patients were 0.85 and 0.90, respectively.The AUC of serum CRP in patients with CD and UC were 0.65 and 0.74, respectively.When combined FNP with FCP, the AUC in pa-tients with CD and UC were 0.85 and 0.92, respectively. Conclusion FNP is a novel reliable and non-invasive biomarker to evalu-ate clinical disease activity in patients with IBD as accurate as FCP, It is advisable to combine FNP with FCP to evaluate disease activi-ty in patients with IBD.

Objective To explore the etiology, clinical features and treatment of status epilepticus (SE) after orthopedic surgery and improve the diagnosis and treatment. Methods The data of 21 patients with SE after orthopedic surgery were retrospectively analyzed. Among these 21 patients, 5 with epilepsy before the orthopedic surgery, 4 with acute ischemic cerebrovascular diseases, 3 with fat embolism syndrome, 1 with tumor emboli, 4 with metabolic encephalopathy, 1 with hypoglycemia, 1 with diabetic ketoacidosis and 2 with chronic renal insufficiency were found. Orthopedic surgery was performed on these patients: fracture of the shaft of the femur was found in 8; hip arthroplasty was performed in 7 with fracture of femoral neck; fracture of the shaft of the humerus was noted in 3; giant cell tumors in the lumbar vertebra was found in 1; burst fracture in the thoracic vertebra was found in 1 and amputation was conducted in 1 with diabetic gangrene. Results Diazepam injection was employed to control the seizure in 11 patients with SE and 9 got good effect; valproate sodium injection was also used to control the seizure in 10 patients with SE and 6 showed good results. Conclusions Many reasons can result in the happening of SE after orthopedic surgery. The incidence and death rate of SE can be obviously decreased by good controlling the physical conditions in the perioperative period. The anti-epilepsy drugs should be chosen according to the age and physical conditions of the patient and the side effects of the anti-epilepsy drugs.

Objective To observe the effects of 75 gram glucose oral tolerance test (75 g OGTT) and standard mixed meal test (SMMT) on insulin secretion function of the islets of Langerhans and plasma free fatty acid (FFA) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.Methods Seventy-six patients with type 2 diabetes without using insulin and with no obvious complications were recruited for 75 g OGTT following overnight fasting on the first day and SMMT (bread 50 g,egg 50 g and milk 250 ml) on the 7th day.Blood specimens were collected from each patients before the tests and 30 min,60 min,120 min and 180 min after glucose or meal load to measure their levels of plasma glucose,serum insulin,C peptide,FFA and lipids (total cholesterol,triglyceride,high-density and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol).Results No difference in fasting plasma glucose,serum insulin,C peptide,FFA and lipids between 75 g OGTT and SMMT was found.Postprandial plasma glucose 30 min,60 min,120 min and 180 min after 75 g OGTT was significantly higher than that after SMMT,with (15.3?3.5) vs (9.9?3.4) mmol/L,(18.2?4.8) vs (12.8?4.0) mmol/L,(16.3?5.8) vs (12.2?4.9) mmol/L and (10.6?5.4) vs (9.5?4.5) mmol/L (F=28.1,P

Aged ; Angioplasty, Balloon ; Arterial Occlusive Diseases ; diagnostic imaging ; physiopathology ; therapy ; Cerebral Arterial Diseases ; diagnostic imaging ; physiopathology ; therapy ; Cerebral Arteries ; diagnostic imaging ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Renal Artery ; diagnostic imaging ; Renal Artery Obstruction ; diagnostic imaging ; physiopathology ; therapy ; Risk Factors ; Stents ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed