General regulations for the processing are the important part of processing procedures of prepared slices of Chinese crude drugs. It has an important significance on enhancing the operability of actual production, regulating production of prepared slices of Chinese crude drugs, improving quality and establishing drug safety. The article could provides suggestions and reference for future compilation work on "National processing procedures of prepared slices of Chinese crude drugs" by comparative analysis and summary on general regulations for the processing of different processing procedures of prepared slices of Chinese crude drugs in China.
China ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; standards ; Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; standards ; Quality Control ; Safety ; Technology, Pharmaceutical ; standards

Objective To observe the effects of 75 gram glucose oral tolerance test (75 g OGTT) and standard mixed meal test (SMMT) on insulin secretion function of the islets of Langerhans and plasma free fatty acid (FFA) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.Methods Seventy-six patients with type 2 diabetes without using insulin and with no obvious complications were recruited for 75 g OGTT following overnight fasting on the first day and SMMT (bread 50 g,egg 50 g and milk 250 ml) on the 7th day.Blood specimens were collected from each patients before the tests and 30 min,60 min,120 min and 180 min after glucose or meal load to measure their levels of plasma glucose,serum insulin,C peptide,FFA and lipids (total cholesterol,triglyceride,high-density and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol).Results No difference in fasting plasma glucose,serum insulin,C peptide,FFA and lipids between 75 g OGTT and SMMT was found.Postprandial plasma glucose 30 min,60 min,120 min and 180 min after 75 g OGTT was significantly higher than that after SMMT,with (15.3?3.5) vs (9.9?3.4) mmol/L,(18.2?4.8) vs (12.8?4.0) mmol/L,(16.3?5.8) vs (12.2?4.9) mmol/L and (10.6?5.4) vs (9.5?4.5) mmol/L (F=28.1,P

OBJECTIVETo compare the efficacy difference on the treatment of supraspinal ligament injury in deficiency syndrome between only-puncturing at Dazhong (KI 4) and routine acupuncture therapy and then explore an optimum process.

METHODSOne hundred and twenty-six cases were randomly divided into a Dazhong group (63 cases) and a routine acupuncture group (63 cases). Based on the same treatment including TDP irradiation, cupping at Shenshu (BL 23), Dachangshu (BL 25), Mingmen (GV 4), Yaoyangguan (GV 3) and Ashi points, the patients in the Dazhong group received only-puncturing Dazhong (KI 4) with respiratory reinforcing method once daily or every other day, three times of which made a course of the treatment, with on interval of one day or without between different courses. For the routine acupuncture group, the same reinforcing method was applied at shenshu (BL 23) pointect, and the other requirements such as courses were also the same.

RESULTSThe cured and markedly effective rate was 88.9% (56/63) in the Dazhong group, which was significantly superior to that of 54.0% (34/63) in the routine acupuncture group (P < 0.01). Compared before and after the treatment, the score of Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) and the clinical symptom score of the two groups were significantly decreased (all PF < 0.01). Compared between the two groups, there were significant differences in NRS and clinical symptom score the Dazhong group was better than the routine acupuncture group (both P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONThe only-puncturing Dazhong (KI 4) method combined with cupping and TDP irradiation are simple and effective for supraspinal ligament injury in deficiency syndrome.

Acupuncture Points ; Acupuncture Therapy ; Adult ; Aged ; Humans ; Ligaments ; injuries ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Treatment Outcome ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo investigate the clinicopathological characteristics, diagnosis and treatment of primary testicular yolk sac tumor (YST).

METHODSWe studied 8 cases of primary testicular YST by microscopy and immunohistochemistry.

RESULTSThe 8 cases of primary testicular YST, including 2 consultation cases, were confirmed from 1998 to 2013, accounting for 10.7% (8/75) of all the testicular germ cell tumors diagnosed in our hospital. The patients ranged in age from 7 to 43 years, 23.9 years on average. The main clinical manifestation of the patients was painless unilateral testis swelling. Microscopically, reticular tissues, schiller-duvaI (S-D) bodies, and eosin-stain transparent bodies were seen in the tumors. One of the cases was confirmed to be simple YST, while the other 7 mixed YST. AFP was a characteristic immunophenotype marker of the tumors.

CONCLUSIONPrimary testicular YST is a rare malignancyr with poor prognosis. Its diagnosis depends on preoperative AFP test and postoperative pathology. Comprehensive treatment, including orchiectomy, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, can prolong the survival of the patients.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Child ; Endodermal Sinus Tumor ; metabolism ; pathology ; therapy ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Male ; Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal ; metabolism ; pathology ; therapy ; Orchiectomy ; Rare Diseases ; metabolism ; pathology ; therapy ; Testicular Neoplasms ; metabolism ; pathology ; therapy ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo study the effects of genistein on the proliferation, apoptosis induction and expression of related gene proteins of human colon cancer cells in vitro and in vivo, and its mechanisms of action.

METHODSMTT colorimetric assay was used to detect the effects of genistein on the proliferation of human colon adenocarcinoma SW480 cells. Light and transmission electron microscopy were used to study the histological and ultrastructural changes. Flow cytometry was used to determine the effects of genistein on cell cycle and apoptosis. Flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry were used to determine the effects of genistein on apoptosis induction and expression of related gene proteins of colon cancer cells.

RESULTSThe MTT colorimetric assay showed that genistein inhibited the proliferation of SW480 cells in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner, and the highest inhibition rate was 60.2% after 80 microg/ml genistein treatment for 72 h. The light microscopy revealed that many genistein-treated cancer cells were shrunken, disrupted, or showing cytoplasmic vacuolization. The electron microscopic examination showed cell shrinkage, nuclear fragmentation and pronounced chromatin condensation, sometimes formed crescent chromatin condensation attached to the nuclear membrane. The results of flow cytometry showed that: after SW480 cells were treated with 0, 20, 40, 80 microg/ml genistein for 48 h, the FI values of PCNA were 1.49 +/- 0.02, 1.28 +/- 0.04, 1.14 +/- 0.03, and 0.93 +/- 0.08; the FI values of VEGF were 1.75 +/- 0.02, 1.34 +/- 0.06, 1.32 +/- 0.04, and 1.23 +/- 0.04; the fluorescence index (FI) values of p21 were 1.26 +/- 0.05, 1.36 +/- 0.06, 1.61 +/- 0.03, and 1.73 +/- 0.03, respectively. There were statistically significant differences between the control group and each treatment group (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). The scores of immunohistochemical staining of PCNA and VEGF proteins were decreased, while p21 increased. There were statistically significant differences between the control group and each treatment group (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONGenistein can inhibit the growth of colon cancer cells via apoptosis induction and cell cycle arrest at G(2)/M phase. The anti-tumor mechanisms of genistein may be related with the down-regulation of expression of VEGF and PCNA, and up-regulation of the expression of p21.

Adenocarcinoma ; metabolism ; pathology ; Animals ; Anticarcinogenic Agents ; administration & dosage ; pharmacology ; Apoptosis ; drug effects ; Cell Cycle ; drug effects ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Proliferation ; drug effects ; Colonic Neoplasms ; metabolism ; pathology ; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21 ; metabolism ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic ; Genistein ; administration & dosage ; pharmacology ; Humans ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Neoplasm Transplantation ; Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen ; metabolism ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo investigate the factors affecting clinical therapeutic effect on acute tetramine poisoning.

METHODSUsing Logistic regression to analyze the relationships among the degree of tetramine poisoning, time of onset, time of admission, exposure history, sex, age, unithol, gastric lavage, etc with the death of poisonded patients.

RESULTSThe fatality rate of patient with tetramine poisoning who got gastric lavage was less than that who did not (5.85% vs 38.00%, P < 0.01). In patients who got gastric lavage, the fatality rates were increased with the degree of tetramine poisoning (control: 0%, mild poisoning: 3.07%, severe poisoning: 9.14%, P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in fatality between using unithol and not using patients (7.22% vs 8.25%, P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONUnithol has no significant influence of clinical therapeutic effect on tetramine poisoning patients and dose not reduce the fatality rate of patient with tetramine poisoning, but gastric lavage and the degree of tetramine poisoning do. Logistic regression analysis showed that gastric lavage is the main factor affecting the therapeutic effect on tetramine poisoning.

Acute Disease ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Antidotes ; therapeutic use ; Bridged-Ring Compounds ; poisoning ; Child ; Female ; Gastric Lavage ; methods ; Humans ; Insecticides ; poisoning ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Poisoning ; mortality ; therapy ; Retrospective Studies ; Survival Rate ; Time Factors ; Treatment Outcome ; Unithiol ; therapeutic use

BACKGROUNDTo investigate the distribution of anti-TTV antibody and the different ORF gene in different populations of China.

METHODSThe antibody to TTV in sera collected from different population were detected by using ELISA and the different ORF genes were amplified with PCR.

RESULTSThe positive rates of TTV ORF1 DNA, ORF2 DNA and the antibody in various populations were as follows: 16.0% (12/75), 10.7% (8/75) and 25.3% (19/75) in paid blood donors; 10.0 (3/30), 16.7% (5/30) and 16.7% (5/30) in patients with hepatitis A, 47.5% (19/40), 42.5% (17/40) and 22.5% (9/40) in patients with hepatitis B; 42.9% (15/35), 37.1% (13/35) and 28.6% (10/35) in patients with hepatitis C; 20.0% (3/15), 26.7% (4/15) and 13.3% (2/15)in patients with hepatitis D; 16.7% (2/12),16.7% (2/12) and 33.3% (4/12)in patients with hepatitis E; 23.8% (5/21), 38.1% (8/21) and 23.8% (5/21) in patients with hepatitis G; 61.1% (11/18), 50.0% (9/18) and 44.4% (8/18) in patients with non A-G hepatitis, respectively. The positive rate of different ORF DNA had no significant difference. Significant differences were found in the positive rates of TTV DNA in various populations. There was no relationship between the TTV DNA and the antibody to TTV.

CONCLUSIONSThe antibody to TTV and TTV DNA were found in every population of China. There was no significant difference in the positive rates of TTV DNA between ORF1 and ORF2. The positive rate in patients with non A-G hepatitis was higher than those in the other populations.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Antibodies, Viral ; blood ; China ; epidemiology ; DNA Virus Infections ; epidemiology ; virology ; DNA, Viral ; blood ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Molecular Epidemiology ; Open Reading Frames ; genetics ; Seroepidemiologic Studies ; Torque teno virus ; genetics ; immunology

BACKGROUNDThis prospective, randomized, controlled study was designed to investigate the effects of a diabetes specific formula (Diason low energy: 313.8 kJ/100 ml), compared with a standard formula, on insulin sensitivity, serum C peptide, serum lipids and free fatty acid (FFA) in type 2 diabetics.

METHODSIn total of 71 type 2 diabetics completed the study. Enteral formulas were given orally as the sole source of nutrition to the subjects for 6 days. Venous blood samples (0.5, 1, 2, 3 hours) were collected at day-7 after a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), day 1 after a standard test meal (1673.6 kJ) and after 6 days of either the test diabetes specific formula or a standard formula. Plasma glucose, serum insulin, C peptide and lipids were measured.

RESULTSAfter the intervention period, the diabetes specific formula resulted in a significantly lower postprandial rise in blood glucose concentrations at 0.5 hour (P < 0.05) and 1 hour (P < 0.01); significantly lower peak height of plasma glucose (P = 0.05); significantly lower plasma insulin concentrations at 0.5 hour (P < 0.01), 1 hour (P < 0.01) and 2 hours (P < 0.01); and a significantly lower plasma insulin peak compared to controls; both OGTT and a standard test meal (P < 0.05). The glucose and insulin area under the curve after the diabetes specific formula compared to the standard formula were significantly lower. The C peptide level was lower after 6 days of both nutrition formulas compare to 75 g OGTT, but not different from the standard mixed meal. Both formulas were well tolerated.

CONCLUSIONSIn summary the diabetes specific formula with a relatively high monounsaturated fatty acid and high multi fiber proportion significantly improved glycemic control. On top of this, the insulin sensitivity (HOMA-IS) was significantly improved and may therefore directly improve the impact on long term complications. The disease specific formula should therefore be the preferred option to be used by diabetic and hyperglycemic patients in need of nutritional support.

C-Peptide ; blood ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; blood ; diet therapy ; Diet, Diabetic ; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified ; blood ; Humans ; Insulin ; secretion ; Lipids ; blood ; Middle Aged ; Prospective Studies

AIMTo observe the effects of sustained electrical stimulation at Bötzinger complex (Böt. c) on phrenic nerve discharges.

METHODSSustained electrical stimulation (10--50 microA, 40-100 Hz, 0.3 ms, for 15-30 s) of Böt. C on 30 urethane anaesthetized, vagotomized, paralyzed and artificially ventilated rabbits.

RESULTSSustained electrical stimulation of Bot. C produced the inhibition or "inspiratory off-switch" of phrenic discharge during the stimulation. The inhibition of the phrenic discharges showed intensity and frequency dependence. Habituation was shown during the stimulation, showing the magnitude of the phrenic nerve discharge increased gradually. Post-stimulus rebound exhibited upon the cessation of the stimulation, showing the magnitude of the phrenic activity increased significantly. Short-term memory was shown in the habituation of the phrenic activity.

CONCLUSIONNon-associative learning is involved in the central control of respiratory modulation in the Böt. C and synaptic plasticity may exist in the respiratory neurons of Böt. C.

Animals ; Electric Stimulation ; Facial Nerve ; physiology ; Neurons ; physiology ; Phrenic Nerve ; physiology ; Rabbits

Objective To explore the significance of signal classification by multimodal magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)(including conventional MRI,diffusion imaging,and susceptibility-weighted imaging)on neonatal punctate white matter lesions(PWML).Methods Between March 2011 and February 2013,neonates with PWML who underwent 3.0T MRI examination were recruited.The routine protocols included T1 weighted imaging (T1WI),T2 weighted imaging(T2WI),diffusion tensor imaging(DTI),and 3D-enhanced susceptibility-weighted angiography(ESWAN).Apparent diffusion coefficient(ADC)map,magnitude image,and phase image were obtained from DTI and ESWAN,respectively.The signal of PWML was one-to-one observed on T1WI,T2WI, ADC map and magnitude image.The combined signals were classified and the number of cases of each type was counted.Results Totally 84 neonates with PWML were included(preterm/term,47/37).Seven signal types were found and classified into three groups: ① Type Ⅰ was the most,59 cases,accounting for 70.24%,with the performance of high-signal intensity on T1WI,low-signal intensity on T2WI,low-signal intensity on ADC map,and high-signal intensity on magnitude image. ② Type Ⅱ,7 cases,accounting for 8.33%,high-signal intensity on T1WI,low-signal intensity on T2WI,low-signal intensity on ADC map,and low-signal intensity on magnitude image.③ Type Ⅲ - Ⅶ,26 cases,accounting for 30.95%,high-signal intensity on T1WI,low/iso-signal intensity on T2WI,low/iso-signal intensity on ADC map,high/iso-signal intensity on magnitude image.There was no significant difference in the incidence of different signal types between preterm and full-term PWML neonates. Conclusion Magnetic resonance signal may reflect the characteristics of PWML lesions.Signal classification of PWML by multimodal magnetic resonance imaging is helpful in determining injury type and has certain significance in guiding clinical treatment.