Phages also known as bacteria viruses, are recognized as the most abundant and diverse microbes. This diversity is adapting to the selective pressures such as the prevalence of the phage resistance mechanisms of bacteria. Phages invade and lyse bacterial through six steps (adsorption, injection, replication, transcription translation, assemble, release). Bacteria evolve to many anti-phage mechanisms to avoid phage infection and lysis. This paper focus on a variety of anti-phage mechanisms of bacteria.
Bacteria ; genetics ; virology ; Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; Bacteriophages ; genetics ; physiology ; DNA Replication ; Evolution, Molecular ; Virus Attachment

Objective Pathogen and antimicrobial susceptibility in children with bacterial meningitis were reviewed.Methods The positive cultures of cerebrospinal fluid samples or blood samples and its antimicrobial susceptibility were analyzed in 401 patients with the clinical diagnosis of bacterial meningitis.Results 401 cases cerebrospinal fluid samples and blood samples submitted to microbiology laboratory, 97 cases (24%) were microscopically and culturally proven to be bacterial meningitis. The most frequent pathogen was staphylococcus aureus (28%), followed by the streptococcus pneumoniae (19%) and escherichia coli (13%). Pediococci as conditioned pathogen, were found in purulent meningitis patients. One of the isolates of Staphylococcus aureus was simultaneously resistant to both vancomycin and teicoplanin. Three isolates showed simultaneous resistance to imipenem/cilastatin.Conclusions Staphylococcus aureus as the predominant pathogens of pediatric ranks first among pediatric patients of purulent meningitis. Serious drug resistance of isolated pathogenic bacteria and its in antimicrobial susceptibility in the bacterial meningitis should be considered in clinical therapy.

Objective To discuss the value of echocardiography for the assessment of structure and function of right heart in normal Chinese adults Methods The structure and function of right heart was assessed by echocardiography according to 2010 guideline of American Society of Echocardiography (ASE). The echocardiographic data of right heart of 130 normal Chinese adults were analyzed to acquire the normal reference values of echocardiographic parameters and evaluate the differences of these results among different age groups. Results There were significant differences among different age groups for some of the parameters. Right atrium (RA) transverse diameter was greater in the middle-aged group than that in the young-aged group [(36.90±5.10) mm vs (33.90±5.20) mm, t=-2.79, P=0.006]. RA longitudinal diameter (RAL) and RA area (RAA) were smaller in the young-aged group than those in the middle-aged and old-aged groups [(40.10±5.10) mm vs (42.90±5.10) mm, (43.40±5.60) mm, t=-2.51 and-2.91, P=0.013 and 0.004;(11.90±3.20) mm2 vs (13.40±2.90) mm2, (13.90±3.60) mm2, t=-2.24 and-2.90, P=0.027 and 0.004]. Parasternal long-axis right ventricule outflow tract (PLAX RVOT), parasternal short-axis right ventricule outflow tract (PSAX RVOT) and pulmonary artery diameter (PAD) were smaller in the young-aged group than those in the middle-aged and old-aged groups [(24.20±3.00) mm vs (26.20±2.30) mm, (25.90±2.90) mm, t=-2.80 and-2.32, P=0.006 and 0.022;(24.70±3.00) mm vs (27.20±2.50) mm, (26.90±2.60) mm, t=-4.40 and -3.84, P=0.000 and 0.000; (20.60±2.00) mm vs (22.10±2.70) mm, (21.90±2.10) mm, t=-3.12 and-2.67, P=0.002 and 0.008]. RV lateral wall thickness was smaller in the young-aged group than that in the middle-aged and old-aged groups [(5.10±0.60) mm vs (5.60±0.60) mm, (5.40±0.70) mm, t=-3.12 and-2.22, P=0.02 and 0.028];DTI e wave was greater in the young-aged group than that in the middle-aged and old-aged groups [(14.90±3.70) cm/s vs (10.90±3.10) cm/s, (11.10±2.60) cm/s, t=5.82 and 5.49, P=0.000 and 0.000]. DTI a wave was smaller in the young-aged group than that in the middle-aged and old-aged groups [(12.50±3.90) cm/s vs (14.60±3.70) cm/s, (16.60±3.60) cm/s, t=-2.79 and -5.04, P=0.007 and 0.000] and DTI a wave was smaller in the middle-aged group than that in the old-aged group (t=-2.26, P=0.02). Tricuspid E wave was greater in the young-aged group than that in the middle-aged and old-aged groups [(0.61±0.11) m/s vs (0.51±0.11) m/s, (0.48±0.08) m/s, t=4.58 and 5.44, P=0.000 and 0.000]. E/A was greater in the young-aged group than that in the middle-aged and old-aged groups (1.45±0.30 vs 1.12±0.33, 1.10±0.27, t=4.58 and 5.44, P=0.000 and 0.000). No significant differences were found among different age groups in RV systolic function parameters, whereas a trend of decrease in RV diastolic function was detected. Conclusion Echocardiography can be useful in assessing the structure and function of right heart quantitatively.

Aconitine ; analogs & derivatives ; pharmacology ; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic ; pharmacology ; Animals ; Female ; Intestine, Small ; physiology ; Male ; Mice ; Muscle Contraction ; drug effects ; Muscle, Smooth ; physiology ; Rabbits

Objective To study the the feasibility of real-time 3D transesophageal echocardiography (RT-3D TEE) in measuring the distance between the coronary artery ostia and the aortic annulus.Methods RT-3D TEE image of aortic root was collected intraoperatively in 18 cases who were refered to our center for transcatheter aortic valve implantation.The aortic annulus was reconstructed and the height of the annulus (H) was generated.Meanwhile RT-3D TEE and MDCT was used to determine the left coronary artery ostia-aortic annulus distance (E-LAA,C-LAA) and the right coronary artery ostia-aortic annulus distance (E-RAA,C-RAA).Results The display rate of right coronary artery was 94.4％ (17/18),with the left coronary artery 88.9％ (16/18) on the RT-3D TEE imaging.The height of the annulus(H) was lower than the distance between the coronary artery ostia and the aortic annulus(P ＜0.05).No statistically significant differences was found in the parameters of the distance between the coronary artery ostia and the aortic annulus between RT-3D TEE and MDCT (P ＞0.05).Conclusions RT-3D TEE imaging can display and measure the distance between the coronary artery ostia and the aortic annulus.

Adult ; Electrocoagulation ; methods ; Female ; Humans ; Injections ; Intervertebral Disc Displacement ; therapy ; Lumbar Vertebrae ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Ozone ; administration & dosage ; Radio Waves ; therapeutic use

The objectives of this study are to prepare resveratrol loaded mixed micelles composed of poloxamer 403 and poloxamer 407, and optimize the formulation in order to achieve higher drug solubility and sustained drug release. Firstly, a thin-film hydration method was utilized to prepare the micelles. By using drug-loading, encapsulation yield and particle size of the micelles as criteria, influence of three variables, namely poloxamer 407 mass fraction, amount of water and feeding of resveratrol, on the quality of the micelles was optimized with a central composite design method. Steady fluorescence measurement was carried out to evaluate the critical micelle concentration of the carriers. Micelle stability upon dilution with simulated gastric fluid and simulated intestinal fluid was investigated. The in vitro release of resveratrol from the mixed micelles was monitored by dialysis method. It was observed that the particle size of the optimized micelle formulation was 24 nm, with drug-loading 11.78%, and encapsulation yield 82.51%. The mixed micelles increased the solubility of resveratrol for about 197 times. Moreover, the mixed micelles had a low critical micelle concentration of 0.05 mg · mL(-1) in water and no apparent changes in particle size and drug content were observed upon micelles dilution, indicating improved kinetic stability. Resveratrol was released from the micelles in a controlled manner for over 20 h, and the release process can be well described by Higuchi equation. Therefore, resveratrol-loaded poloxamer 403/407 mixed micelles could improve the solubility of resveratrol significantly and sustained drug release behavior can be achieved.
Drug Carriers ; chemistry ; Fluorescence ; Kinetics ; Micelles ; Particle Size ; Poloxamer ; chemistry ; Solubility ; Stilbenes ; chemistry ; Water

Objective To investigate the mRNA and protein expressions of Nav 1.1 and Nav 1.2 in hippocampus following traumatic brain injury ( TBI) in rats.Methods After the lateral fluid percussion model was established in adult male Sprague Dawley rats,the rats were sacrificed at 2,12,24 and 72 hours after percussion and collected ipsilateral hippocampus for detecting mRNA and protein expressions of Nav 1.1 and Nav 1.2 by means of fluorescent quantitation RT-PCR,Western blot and immunofluo rescence staining.Results The mRNA expressions of Nav 1.1 and Nav 1.2 were significantly down-regulated (P<0.01) in hippocampus and reached the lowest level at 2 hours following TBI.The protein expression of Nav 1.1 was significantly down-regulated (P<0.01) but recovered near to level of control group at 72 hours after TBI.While there was no statistical difference on protein expression of Nav 1.2 in hippocampus after TBI compared with control group (P>0.05).Conclusion TBI induces significant down-regulated mRNA and protein expressions of Nav 1.1 in the hippocampus,which may be one of molecular mechanisms for functional alternation of sodium channels and excitotoxic action following TBI.

Objective To evaluate the role of real-time three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography(RT-3D TEE)in left atrial appendage (LAA)occlusion.Methods Consecutive 10 atrial fibrillation (AF)patients (CHADS2 ≥ 2 )with high risk bleeding underwent LAA occlusion under the guidance of TEE.The LAA orifice shape and characteristics of lobes were assessed,the size of LAA with RT-3D TEE wee measured before closer implanation,and the position of the LAA occlusion device were evaluated by RT-3D TEE.The correlational analysis between LAA diameter and occluder size was conducted.Results Among 10 patients,the test results revealed 8 cases with complete LAA occlusion and 1 case with incomplete occlusion,and 1 case with failed occlusion.Five cases showed approximate round LAA ostium,and the other 5 showed approximate oval ostium.The average number of LAA lobes were 2.2±0.7. LAA ostium long diameter were larger by 3D TEE compared with 2D TEE[(21 .8±5.1)mm vs (20.8±4.1) mm],and ostium short diameter were smaller by 3D TEE compared with 2D TEE [(16.1 ± 3.0 )mm vs (1 7.0±2.6)mm],however there were no significant differences between 2D and 3D TEE measurements,and the mean ostium diameter and LAA depth were comparable between two methods.LAA ostium long diameter,short diameter,average diameter and LAA depth assessed by 3D TEE and 2D TEE showed good correlation with occluder diameter (3D TEE:r =0.719,0.690,0.791 ,0.71 1 ,and P =0.029,0.040,0.01 1 , 0.032,respectively;2D TEE:r = 0.887,0.894,0.932,0.896,and P = 0.001 ,0.001 ,0.000,0.000, respectively).LAA occlusion device position assessed by RT-3D:6 cases with appropriate position, acceptable position with 2 cases,and 1 case with malposition.Conclusions RT-3D TEE can play important role in evaluating the morphology of LAA,accurately judging LAA ostium shape and size and position of the occlusion device.

Objective To develop a multi-channel dry type biochemistry sensor with a compact structure and high measurement accuracy.Methods The principle of double beam compensation based on reference LED was applied to improve the measurement accuracy.The complex splitting system was replaced by MXN fiber bundle and free-form surface lens to make the instrument more compact and lightweight.Use of the adaptive amplification photoelectric detection improved the measurement accuracy while simplifying the process.Results and Conclusion It has been proved by experiments that this sensor has the advantages of high measurement accuracy, little interference and compact construction. This sensor may well meet the requirements of dry type biochemistry analysis.