The dissertation review and defense process of medical science degree graduate stu-dents has become a mere formality because of the manner of postgraduates cultivation, cultural factors and objective factors, resulting in poor quality of degree dissertation. This paper deeply analyzed the reasons for the above problems, and proposed five aspects of adjustment through the reviewer choosing, review process, evaluation scale, evaluation content and evaluation opinions to perfect the eval uation system. It also proposed four aspects of adjustment through strengthen the significance, thesis defense, defense supervision content development process and the detalled reply results to perfect defense system.

Improving the education quality of graduate students is the new situation of gradu-ate education reform and development to each university of China. During the overall process of ex-ploring and reforming quality control of graduate student talent cultivation, institute of life sciences in Chongqing Medical University put forward that intensively constructing the supervisors' conscious quality control of talent cultivation was the driving force to realize the quality improvement of talent cultivation. The construction and improvement of supervisors' conscious quality control on graduate education was reflected according to the supervisors' professional quality, postgraduates' thought moral education, and postgraduates' scientific literacy training, respectively. This will lay the foundation for the future comprehensive improvement of postgraduates' academic ethics and effective promotion of the educative reform on graduate education quality.

Objective To observe normal range based on normal adult echocardiography with data mining retrospectively.Methods Analyzed the echocardiography data of 15 553 patients who came to Peking university People's Hospital from Nov 2012 to Nov 2014 without obvious abnormalities of cardiac structure and function.The reference range of 15 parameters were calculated and analyzed in correlation with gender,age and other factors for each group.Results The reference ranges of basic measurement parameters in two-dimensional echocardiography:main pulmonary artery diameter(MPA) (2.14 ± 0.22)cm,diameter of ascending aorta (asc Aorta) (2.87 ± 0.35) cm;The reference ranges of basic measurement parameters in M-mode echocardiography:aortic root diameter (Ao root diam) (2.82 ± 0.35) cm,left atrial dimension (LA dimension) (3.14 ± 0.37) cm,interventricular septal end-diastole thickness (Ⅳsd) (0.86 ±0.12)cm,left ventricular internal diameter at end-diastole (LVIDd)(4.67 ± 0.41)cm,left ventricular internal diameter at end-systole (LVIDs) (2.83 ± 0.34) cm,left ventricular posterior wall end-diastolic thickness(LVPWd) (0.85 ± 0.12) cm,end diastolic volume (EDV) (101.21 ± 19.83) ml,end-systole volume (ESV) (31.09 ± 9.07) ml,ejection fraction (EF) (69.55 ± 5.70) ％;The reference ranges of basic measurement parameters in pulsed doppler echocardiography:mitral A wave velocity (MVA) (73.14 ±16.42) cm/s,mitral E wave velocity(MVE) (84.18 ± 16.17) cm/s,E/A (1.21 ± 0.35),aortic peak velocity (Ao V2 max) (124.95 ± 19.87) cm/s.The measured parameters of males were higher than those of females and value of measured was increased with age for example measured parameters in LVIDd (r =0.225,P =0.00),IVSd(r =0.216,P =0.00),LA dimension (r =0.231,P =0.00) and E/A(r =0.212,P =0.00),with age were positive correlated.The range of 15 parameters in this study and the ASE 2015 guide are similar but have slightly different,such as this research shows that men's left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (4.77 ±0.41) cm,the ASE recommend (5.02 ±0.41) cm which is smaller than the result of this study.And this study for women (4.60 ± 0.40) cm is higher than the ASE recommended (4.50 + 0.36)cm.Conclusions Based on preliminary analysis of large data from normal adult echocardiography,the rang of measured values could be used as a normal reference value of echocardiographyfor routine practice in China.

Objective: To observe the morphological changes of enteric deep muscular plexuses interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC-DMP) in rats with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). Methods: Forty Wistar rats were randomly divided into control group and MODS model group. The enteric ICC-DMP network was observed using c-kit immunohistochemical staining with whole-mount preparation technique and confocal laser scanning microscopy , and the ultraslructural features of ICC-DMP was evaluated using transmission electron microscope. Results: Compared with those in control group, the distributions and densities of intestine ICC-DMP in MODS group were significantly decreased (P < 0. 05) , the ICC-DMP network was disrupted and the ultrastructural features of ICC-DMP were severely damaged. Conclusion: The ICC-DMP network was severely damaged in rats with MODS, and the mechanism of gastrointestinal dysmotility in MODS may be related to the morphological changes of ICC-DMP.

Adult ; Chemotherapy, Adjuvant ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Female ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms ; secondary ; Mediastinal Neoplasms ; diagnostic imaging ; drug therapy ; pathology ; surgery ; Mediastinum ; diagnostic imaging ; pathology ; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local ; Osteosarcoma ; diagnostic imaging ; drug therapy ; pathology ; secondary ; surgery ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

Objective To investigate the clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of aortic dissection. Methods Clinical data including manifestations,imageology, treatment and turnover in 23 patients with aortic dis-section, hospitalized in our hospital from January 2006 to April 2008, were retrospectively analyzed. Results There were 8,5 and 10 cases classified in type Ⅰ ,type Ⅱ and type Ⅲ,all of them were complicated with hypertension. Typi-cal syndromes were manifested in 20 patients (86.9%) and were not in the others (13.0%). Surgical operation were performed in 6 patients of type Ⅰ and 5 patients of type Ⅱ, and endovascular repairments were performed in Ⅰ patient of type Ⅰ and 10 patients of type Ⅲ. All the patients were recovered except that two patients of type Ⅰ died. Conclusions Most patients with aortic dissection present typical manifestision. CT or MRI is one of the most valua-ble diagnosis. The patients in type Ⅰ and type Ⅱ should be treated with the surgical operation, and the patients in type Ⅲ with endovascular stent-graft repairment.

Objective To observe the effect of daidzein on extracellular matrix of uremic rats and to discuss its mechanism.Methods Uremic rat model were established by 5/6 nephrectomized. Model rats were devided into daidzein group, control group. Rats with sham-operation were regarded as the normal control. At time of baseline, 4th and 8th week after operation, urinary protein and biochemical detection were measured. The pathologic changes, fibronectin (FN) and typeⅣcollagen (ColⅣ) were investigated at 8th week. The Western-Blot and RT-PCR were used to measure protein expression and mRNA transcription of TGF-β1. Results At 8th week after operation, the urinary protein (12.35 ± 2.13 mg/24 hvs. 19.93 ± 3.19 mg/24 h), serum urea (10.11 ± 0.65 mmol/Lvs.12.09 ± 0.78 mmol/L) and creatinine (68.10 ± 2.51μmol/Lvs.77.63 ± 3.20μmol/L) in the daidzein group decreased significantly than those in the control group (P<0.01). The deposition of ColⅣ (16.33% ± 2.14%vs. 24.68% ± 3.97%) and FN (19.17 ± 2.68 vs. 29.35 ± 4.15) in the daidzein group decreased significantly than those in the control group (P<0.01). Compared with control group, the pathological lesion in the daidzein group was less serious. The mRNA transcription (0.37 ± 0.06vs. 0.64 ± 0.08) and protein expression of TGF-β1 (0.28 ± 0.09vs. 1.40 ± 0.13) in the daidzein group were attenuated significantly than those in the control group (P<0.05). ConclusionsDaidzein had a beneficial effect on uremic rats. It may be associated with a decrease of extracellular matrix accumulation.

Objective To investigate the effect of genistein on deposition of extracellular matrix(ECM) in uremic rats and its mechanism.Methods The uremic rat model was established by 5/6 nephrectomy.The model rats were divided into the genistein group(G) and control group (C).The sham-operation group served as the normal control(S).Urinary protein and biochemical indexes before operation,at postoperative 4,8 weeks were measured in various groups.The pathologic changes of renal tissue were observed.The glomerular sclerosis index(GSI) was evaluated by the semi-quantitative method.fibronectin(FN) and type Ⅳ collagen (ColⅣ) deposition situation were detected by using the immunohistochemical method.Western blot and RT-PCR were used to measure the protein expression and mRNA transcription of TGF-β1.Results Comparing postoperative 4 weeks with the group C,the urinary protein excretion amount was decreased[(11.63 ± 2.07) mg/d vs.(19.93 ± 3.19) mg/d,all P＜ 0.01],serum urea nitrogen and creatinine levels of the group G were decreased[(9.39±0.59)mmol/L vs.(12.09±0.78)mmol/L,(65.11±3.79)mmol/L vs.(77.63±3.20)μmol/L,all P＜0.01].Until postoperative 8 weeks,the urinary protein excretion amount was decreased and the decrease of serum urea nitrogen and creatinine levels was more obvious.The deposition of ColⅣ and FN in renal glomerulus was lower than that of the control group[(17.30±1.96)％ vs.(24.68±3.97)％;(18.26±2.31)％ vs.(29.35±4.15)％,all P＜ 0.01].Glomerular sclerosis was significantly alleviated.The TGF-β1mRNA and protein expression were attenuated (P＜0.05).Conclusion Genistein can reduce the deposition of ECM in uremic rats and has a protective effect on kidney.

BACKGROUND:Previous studies have showed thatTougu XiaotongCapsule (TGXTC) exertsbetter effects on osteoarthritis, byregulatingRho/Rock signaling pathway, inhibitingsignal transduction of chondrocyte mitochondrial apoptosis pathway,varyingthe rate and pattern of subchondral bone remodeling and improving the arrangement of subchondral bone colagen fibers and calcium-phosphate crystalization. OBJECTIVE:To observe the effects of the serum containing TGXTC and itsdisassembled recipeson chondrocytedegenerationof ratsviaWnt/β-cateninsignal pathway, and to explore the maintherapeutic method forosteoarthritis in theTGXTC. METHODS:FortySprague-Dawley rats were randomlyassigned to receivethe treatment ofTGXTC,Bushen Rougan(BSRG),Huoxue Qufeng(HXQF) and normal saline, respectively, according tothe dose conversion methods ofanimaltoanimal and animaltohuman. Thenvarious drug-containing serums wereprepared for thefolowingcelular experiment.After culture and passage, chondrocytesfromSprague-Dawley ratsat passage 3 were divided into five groups: blank control, model, TGXTC, BSRG, HXQF groups. Cels in the latter four groups wereculturedin appropriate drug-containing serums(normal salineserumfor the model group) for 72 hours, folowing intervention with interleukin-1β for 24 hours.Cels in the blank control group were cultured innormal saline serum.Afterwards, cels in al the five groups were colected for detecting expression ofWnt 4, β-cateninandmatrix metaloproteinase 13at mRNA and proteinlevels using real-time PCR and western blot assay, respectively. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Compared with theblank control group, the expressionof Wnt 4,β-catenin, matrix metaloproteinase 13 wassignificantly increasedin the model group. Compared with the model group, the expression of Wnt 4, β-catenin, matrix metaloproteinase 13 in the TGXTC, BSRG and HXQF groups were decreasedsignificantly, sequenced as TGXTC group

Objective To observe the anatomical and histological features of anterolateral ligament (ALL)in the knee of Chinese adults,so as to identify the existence of ALL and provide an anatomical foundation for clinical reconstruction.Methods Ten adult knee specimens were randomly selected to be dissected,and the femoral,tibial and meniscus attachment points of the ALL were observed.The length,width and thickness were measured using the vernier caliper after the dissection.Three specimens were subjected to histological staining in the end.Results (1)ALL originated from the lateral femoral condyle—the same point of the lateral collateral ligament femoral side or the distal-anterior side,with its body divided into two branches,located in the tibia and the lateral meniscus respectively.The starting point of tibial side ALL was located at the mid-point of Gerdy's tubercle to fibula head,below tibial cartilage edge,with the meniscus point located in the lateral meniscus anterior horn and body junction area.(2) The average length of ALL is 38.89 ± 4.67 mm.The width in the femur,tibial attachment point was fan-shaped spread connected with sclerotin,being the narrowest at the joint line.The width at the femur,tibial attachment point and the joint line was 8.49 ± 1.36 mm,8.15 ± 1.38 mm and 6.49 ± 1.09 mm respectively,with the thickness of 1.33 ± 0.38 mm.The distance from tibia attachment points to the Gerdy's tubercle,fibular head and tibia cartilage margin was 22.59 ± 3.04 mm,21.15 ± 2.78 mm and 5.76 ± 0.57 mm respectively.(3) HE staining showed that ALL was dense connective tissue consisting of parallel arranged collagen fibers,while S-100 staining indicated that ALL contained sensory motor nerve fibers.Conclusion ALL is independent of the joint capsule and originates from the femoral lateral condyle.Its body is divided into two branches,located in the tibia and the lateral meniscus respectively.