Objective:To observe the effect of fluid therapy on volume and coagulation function in patients with severe postpartum hemorrhage during cesarean section of placenta accreta under the guidance of inferior vena cava diameter (IVCD) and inferior vena cava collapse index (IVC-CI).Methods:A prospective randomized controlled study was conducted in 60 pregnant women with severe postpartum hemorrhage (blood loss ≥ 1 000 mL) who were hospitalized for delivery or referred for delivery in the Peking University Third Hospital from December 2018 to July 2019. The patients were divided into routine fluid replacement group and goal-oriented fluid resuscitation group (goal-oriented fluid replacement therapy was given) according to the different ways of fluid replacement. The hemodynamics, blood gas analysis, coagulation function, total fluid replacement, urine volume, prognosis, intraoperative vasoactive drugs utilization rate and postoperative adverse events were recorded before skin incision, after the fetus delivered, postpartum hemorrhage and at the end of operation, and the differences of these indices between the two groups were compared.Results:① Hemodynamics: the heart rate (HR) of the two groups were reached the peak during postpartum hemorrhage, but there was no significant difference in HR at each time point between the two groups. The mean arterial pressure (MAP) was decreased at first and then increased in both groups, and reached the trough at postpartum hemorrhage, but the MAP in the goal-oriented fluid resuscitation group was significantly higher than that in the routine fluid replacement group [mmHg (1 mmHg = 0.133 kPa): 75.6±10.7 vs. 69.2±8.9, P < 0.05]. In the goal-oriented fluid resuscitation group, the central venous pressure (CVP) was increased slightly after the fetus delivered and then stabilized, while in the routine fluid replacement group, the CVP was increased at first and then decreased, and reached the peak in postpartum hemorrhage. During postpartum hemorrhage, CVP in the goal-oriented fluid resuscitation group was significantly lower than that in the routine fluid replacement group [cmH 2O (1 cmH 2O = 0.098 kPa): 9.5±3.9 vs. 11.4±3.4, P < 0.05]. ② Arterial blood gas: partial pressure of oxygen (PaO 2) and partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO 2) in arterial blood at the end of operation in both groups were higher than those in postpartum hemorrhage. There was no significant difference in PaO 2 at the end of operation between the goal-oriented fluid resuscitation group and routine fluid replacement group (mmHg: 189.3±100.5 vs. 240.2±126.3, P > 0.05). The PaCO 2 in the goal-oriented fluid resuscitation group was significantly lower than that in the routine fluid replacement group (mmHg: 34.6±4.6 vs. 36.8±4.1, P < 0.05). The lactic acid (Lac) at the end of operation of the goal-oriented fluid resuscitation group was significantly lower than that of the routine fluid replacement group (mmol/L: 2.2±0.6 vs. 2.6±1.1, P < 0.05). ③ Liquidintake and output volume: the total infusion volume, crystal fluid infusion volume and suspended red blood cell infusionvolume in the goal-oriented fluid resuscitation group were significantly less than those in the routine fluid replacement group [total infusion volume (mL): 3 385.9±1 144.1 vs. 4 448.3±1 194.4, crystal infusion volume (mL): 2 635.6±789.7 vs. 3 160.0±860.3, suspended red blood cell input volume (mL): 695.6±366.2 vs. 911.1±284.7, all P < 0.05], and the utilization rate of vasoactive drugs in the goal-oriented fluid resuscitation group was decreased significantly during operation [13.3% (4/30) vs. 60.0% (18/30), P < 0.05]. The amount of bleeding in the goal-oriented fluid resuscitation group was also significantly less than that in the routine fluid replacement group (mL: 1 451.7±373.8 vs. 1 725.9±372.8, P < 0.05), but there was no significant difference in urine volume between the goal-oriented fluid resuscitation group and the routine fluid replacement group (mL: 369.0±262.7 vs. 485.0±286.8, P > 0.05). ④ Coagulation function: at the end of operation, the prothrombin time (PT) in the goal-oriented fluid resuscitation group was significantly shorter than that in the routine fluid replacement group (s: 10.9±0.6 vs. 11.2±0.6), and the fibrinogen (Fib) in the goal-oriented fluid resuscitation group was significantly higher than that in the routine fluid replacement group (g/L: 3.7±0.5 vs. 2.9±0.8), and the differences were statistically significant (both P < 0.05).⑤ Prognostic index: compared withthe routine fluid replacement group, the proportion of patients transferred to intensive care unit (ICU) at the end of operation in the goal-oriented fluid resuscitation group was significantly lower [16.7% (5/30) vs. 66.7% (20/30), P < 0.05], and ICU length-of-stay was significantly shorter [hours: 0 (0, 24) vs. 24 (0, 24), P < 0.05], but there was no significant difference in the incidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), acute renal injury (AKI) or hysterectomy between the goal-oriented fluid resuscitation group and the routine fluid replacement group [the incidence of DIC: 0% (0/30) vs. 6.7% (2/30), the incidence of AKI: 0% (0/30) vs. 3.3% (1/30), the hysterectomy rate: 10.0% (3/30) vs. 26.7% (8/30), all P > 0.05]. Conclusion:Fluid resuscitation guided by IVC-CI can effectively reduce the volume of blood and fluid transfusion and blood loss in patients with severe postpartum hemorrhage and improve their blood coagulation function.

Objective:To investigate the incidence and trend of severe postpartum hemorrhage (sPPH) in China, and to provide basic data for the development and evaluation of sPPH prevention and control strategy.Methods:Obstetric data was extracted from annual national representative sampling surveys based on the National Clinical Improvement System. From 2016 to 2019, 2 978, 3 400, 4 576 and 4 594 maternity hospitals with sPPH cases were included for statistics. The annual incidence of sPPH was calculated according to province and type of medical institutions and generalized linear model was emplyed to identify the determinants affecting sPPH incidence.Results:In China, sPPH incidence increased from 0.62% in 2016 to 0.93% in 2018, and was 0.92% in 2019. Eighteen provinces had an inverted U-shaped trend of sPPH over time and most of them had the highest incidence in 2018; ten provinces had an upward trend of sPPH and 3 provinces had a U-shaped trend. In 2019, the top five provinces with the highest sPPH incidence were Yunnan (1.88%), Beijing (1.45%), Jiangsu (1.31%), Guizhou (1.26%), and Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (1.22%); the top five provinces with the lowest incidence were Henan (0.55%), Jiangxi (0.60%), Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (0.64%), Liaoning (0.64%) and Gansu (0.69%). In 2019, the sPPH incidence in different types of medical institutions were as follows: tertiary public general hospital (1.15%), tertiary public specialized hospital (1.02%), secondary public general hospital (0.81%), private hospital (0.61%) and secondary public specialized hospital (0.58%). sPPH incidence was positively associated with proportion of twin pregnancies, macrosomia, primipara, and puerpera aged ≥35 years in maternity hospitals ( P<0.05). Conclusions:sPPH incidence generally showes an increasing trend from 2016 and is stable at a high level in recent two years in China. It is warranted to further strengthen the monitoring of postpartum hemorrhage, and improve the capability of hierarchical management and treatment in maternity institutions and regions, in order to reduce sPPH incidence and maternal mortality.

Objective:To investigate the effectiveness and safety of low-dose oral misoprostol solution for cervical ripening in late gestation.Methods:This was a prospective cohort study including 396 primiparas with singleton pregnancy who received low-dose oral misoprostol solution for cervical ripening (oral group) in Peking University Third Hospital from March to October 2022. They were further allocated to receive oral misoprostol alone (OA group, n=167) or oral misoprostol in combination with oxytocin/amniotomy (OC group, n=229). Moreover, 218 cases who received vaginal misoprostol for cervical ripening (vaginal group) during the same period in 2021 were reviewed (a retrospective cohort). Among them, 77 were given vaginal misoprostol alone (VA group) and 141 received vaginal misoprostol in combination with oxytocin/amniotomy (VC group). The OA group and VA group (72 and 73 cases) as well as the OC group and VC group (108 and 103 cases) were matched using propensity scores. Basic clinical information, hospital stay, duration of labor induction, uterine hyperstimulation, rate of labor initiation, vaginal delivery rate, rate of delivery within 24 h, duration of labor, neonatal condition, adverse pregnancy outcomes, and other information were compared between different groups. All data were statistically analyzed using independent sample t test, analysis of variance, nonparametric test, Chi-square test, or Fisher's exact probability test. Logistic regression model was used to analyze the factors affecting the labor initiation and the failure of labor induction. Results:The average hospital stay, the duration from medication to labor initiation and the duration from medication to vaginal delivery were significantly shorter in the oral group than those in the vaginal group [(5.4±2.4) vs. (6.5±2.6) d, (34.2±24.1) vs. (38.9±25.7) h, (45.8±25.8) vs. (53.4±27.8) h; t=5.24, 2.10 and 3.39; all P<0.05]. The total labor initiation rate and vaginal delivery rate in the oral group were significantly higher than those in the vaginal group [92.9% (368/396) vs. 83.5% (182/218), 72.2% (286/396) vs. 60.1% (131/218); χ 2=13.43 and 9.50; both P<0.05]. The incidence of failed induction of labor, uterine hyperstimulation, fetal distress, and intrauterine infection in the oral group were lower than those in the vaginal group [2.0% (8/396) vs. 6.9% (15/218), 4.3% (17/396) vs. 17.9% (39/218), 8.8% (35/396) vs. 14.7% (32/218), 1.3% (5/396) vs. 3.7% (8/218); χ 2=9.21, 31.36, 4.93 and 3.93; all P<0.05]. The duration from medication to labor initiation and to vaginal delivery in the OA group were higher than those in the VA group [(25.8±17.0) vs. (17.4±10.8) h, (37.2±18.8) vs. (29.7±13.5) h; t=3.49 and 2.74; both P<0.05]. There were no significant differences in the labor initiation rate, vaginal delivery rate, rate of delivery within 24 h or the incidence of failed induction of labor between the OA and VA groups (all P>0.05). Women in the VA group were more likely to develop uterine hyperstimulation than those in the OA group [19.2% (14/73) vs. 4.2% (3/72), χ2=7.89, P=0.005]. There were no significant differences in the duration from medication to labor initiation or to vaginal delivery between the VC and OC groups (both P>0.05), but the duration were significantly longer than those in the corresponding medication alone group (VC vs. VA groups: (49.7±24.6) vs. (17.4±10.8) h and (61.6±25.7) vs. (29.7±13.5) h, t=5.31 and 5.13, both P<0.05; OC vs. OA groups: (45.3±26.6) vs. (25.8±17.0) h and (56.1±27.2) vs. (37.2±18.8) h, t=10.35 and 9.78, both P<0.05]. The labor initiation rate, vaginal delivery rate and rate of delivery within 24 h in the OC group were higher than those in the VC group [88.9% (96/108) vs. 77% (87/113), 63.0% (68/108) vs. 47.8% (54/113), 10.3% (7/108) vs. 0.0% (0/113); χ 2=5.49, 5.14 and 7.56; all P<0.05]. The incidence of uterine hyperstimulation in the OC group was 4.6% (5/108), which was lower than that in the VC group [18.6% (21/113), χ 2=10.37, P=0.001]. Logistic regression analysis showed that oral misoprostol and gestational age were positively correlated with labor initiation [ OR (95% CI): 2.18 (1.24-3.90) and 1.43 (1.14-1.79)], while maternal age was negatively correlated with labor initiation [ OR (95% CI): 0.90 (0.82-0.98)]. Moreover, failed induction of labor was negatively correlated with oral misoprostol [ OR (95% CI): 0.37 (0.14-0.91)], but positively correlated with maternal age [ OR (95% CI): 1.21 (1.05-1.40)]. Conclusions:Oral administration of low-dose misoprostol solution is as effective as vaginal misoprostol in promoting cervical ripening. Besides, it can shorten the average hospital stay and reduce the incidence of uterine hyperstimulation, suggesting that low-dose oral misoprostol solution is relatively safer and can be used to promote cervical ripening in late gestation.

The chromosome 17q21.31 inversion is a 900-kb common structural polymorphism found primarily in European population. Although the genetic flux within inversion region was assumed to be considerable suppressed, it is still unclear about the details of genetic exchange between the H1 (non-inverted sequence) and H2 (inverted sequence)haplotypes of this inversion. Here we describe a refined map of genetic exchanges between pairs of gene arrangements within the 17q21.31 region. Using HapMap phase Ⅱ data of 1,546 single nucleotide polymorphisms, we successfully deduced 96 H1 and 24 H2 haplotypes in European samples by neighbor-joining tree reconstruction. Furthermore, we identified 15 and 26 candidate tracts with reciprocal and non-reciprocal genetic exchanges, respectively.In all 15 regions harboring reciprocal exchange, haplotypes reconstructed by clone sequencing did not support these exchange events, suggesting that such signals of exchange between two sister chromosomes in certain heterozygous individual were caused by phasing error regions. On the other hand, the finished clone sequencing across 4 of 26 tracts with non-reciprocal genetic flux confirmed that this kind of genetic exchange was caused by gene conversion.In summary, as crossover between pairs of gene arrangements had been considerably suppressed, gene conversion might be the most important mechanism for genetic exchange at 17q21.31.

Objective: To explore the differences of thromboinflammatory response between healthy pregnancy and preeclampsia (PE) and provide potential strategies for diagnosis and prevention of PE. Methods: The antibody microarray was prepared to detect plasma protein expression profile of non-pregnant women, healthy pregnant women and preeclampsia patients. The differentially expressed proteins were identified and analyzed. Results: The levels of 37 proteins were significantly different between non-pregnant and healthy pregnant women, among which 16 proteins were increased, such as disintegrin, metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 12 and C-C motif chemokine 2, while 21 proteins were decreased, such as GM-CSF and apolipoprotein F. The levels of 27 proteins were significantly different between healthy pregnant women and preeclampsia patients, among which 16 proteins were increased, such as GM-CSF and VEGFR2 and 11 proteins were decreased, such as tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand and interferon Omega 1. Further analysis found that PE patients group presented more complicated changes compared with healthy pregnant women. PE group included more significantly increased proteins which involved in inflammation and immune responses and elevated levels of acute phase reaction, while the levels of more anti-inflammation cytokines decreased significantly. In the plasma of PE patients more proteins participating thrombosis and complement reaction increased significantly. Also, renin level was significantly dropped and VEGFR2 was elevated. Conclusion More serious inflammatory response, hypercoagulable status and imbalance of angiogenesis and anti-angiogenesis may exist in PE, which should be helpful for further improving potential strategies in diagnosis and prevention of PE.