Retinoblastoma (RB) is a common intraocular malignant tumor of infants.It not only seriously threats children's eyesight,but also endangers their lives.RB develops from the immature cells of retina and its occurrence is closely related with the tumor suppressor gene RB1.The inactivation of two alleles of RB1 is the basis of RB occurrence and development.With the rapid development of biological technology,RB gene related research has made great progress.Researches showed that there are many changes in the chromosome level of RB.Many genes are also involved in the development and progression of RB,including oncogene MYCN,murine double minute 4 (MDM4,also known as MDMX),driver protein family members 14 (K IF14),DEK,E2F3,tumor suppressor gene calcium 11 (CDH11) and so on.This review summarizes the progress in gene research of RB,reveal pathogenesis of RB on DNA molecular level and provides a scientific basis for clinical doctors to formulate effective therapeutic plans.

New method of prostate cancer has grown more precise with the development of medical imaging.Multi-parametric MRI targeted biopsy and fusion biopsy reduce the cores,at the same time they have similar positive rates compared to systematic biopsy.The most used biopsy methods are still transrectal guided transrectal biopsy and transperineal biopsy in China.If we can predict biopsy result before the operation by physical and laboratory examination,it will help improve the detection rate and avoid repeating biopsies.And it has been indicated that age,tPSA,PSAD,fPSA/tPSA,PV,DRE,PHI and PCA3 are the predicting factors.Chinese Prostate Cancer Consortium Risk Calculator is fit for Chinses people.

Endogenous NO and CO have been identified in the recent years as signaling molecules and act as the messengers in the body . Both of them have identical characteristics in the mechanism of production and action. Many evidences indicated that NO and CO play important roles in physiological and pathophysiological processes in the prostate. This review highlights the current ideas on localization and function of them in the prostate. We also discussed the relationship between the gaseous messengers and the prostatic diseases.

This article introduces the explorations in improving minimally invasive therapies and techniques for intra-and extrahepatic bile duct stones in this center,including laparoscopic choledocholithotomy without the placement of T tube,laparoscopic partial hepatectomy for the treatment of intrahepatic bile duct stones using an anastomosis stapler for liver partition,and modification of percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopy.The improved therapies and techniques above have achieved good clinical effects,and a scientific judgment of their clinical effects still depends on a large number of cases and randomized controlled clinical trials.

It was well known that the damage of skeletal muscle occurred and exercise performance declined after one prolonged eccentric exercise.But there were few studies on the adaptation to the continuous eccentric exercise in skeletal muscle.The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of downhill running once(group B) and for one week(group C ) on α-actin gene expression of rat gastrocnemius muscle.Serum CK and LDH were determined, too.The results showed that the training had obvious effects on α-actin gene expression of rat gastrocnemius muscle in group B and C.In group B, serum CK and LDH recovered obviously 7 days after training, but not to the normal value.In group C, it recovered to the normal.These results suggest that the recovery of the damage after first training had been accelerated by the continuous eccentric exercise, the subjects gradually adapted to exercise.

Aged ; Electrocardiography ; Female ; Humans ; Hyperkalemia ; complications ; physiopathology ; Myocardial Ischemia ; etiology

Objective To explore the effect of PCEA on intestinal peristalsis.Methods 120 patients with ASA Ⅰ～Ⅱ lower abdominal or lower limbs surgery were randomly divided into four groups with 30 cases each and received PCEA at the end of operation sespectively.Group A were given 0.0002% fentanyl,0.2% Ropivacaine and 0.005 % Droperidol;0.01% morphine,0.2% Ropivacaine and 0.005% droperidol in group B;0.2% Ropivacaine in group C;0.9% saline in group D.Postoperative analgesia was provided by PCA pump with LCP model.Results Satisfactory analgesia in group A was 93%,97% in group B 47% in group C and 13% in group D.Both group A and B did not show any significant difference in the analgesic effects(P＞ 0.05).Satisfactory analgesia in group A and B were significantly better than in group C and D(P＜0.05).The renewal of intestinal peristalsis were significantly faster in lower limbs surgery patients than lower abdominal patients(P＜ 0.01),but it did not show any significant difference in the same kinds of surgery in four groups (P＞0.05).Conclusion Both group A and B can get a satisfied analgesia effect;intestinal peristalsis of lower limbs surgery patients renewed were shorter than in lower abdominal patients.

Abnormality of sphincter of Oddi is divided into the anatomical and functional ones. Anatomical abnormality includes stenosis and insufficiency, and the dyskinesia of sphincter of Oddi is composed of hypermotility and hypomotility. Many biliopancreatic diseases are associated with the abnormality of sphincter of Oddi, which include congenital pancreaticobiliary maljunction, gallstones, primary choledocholithiasis and hepatolithiasis, post-cholecystectomy syndrome, and pancreatitis. The proper acknowledgement of abnormality of sphincter of Oddi is of importance to improve the diagnosis and therapy of corresponding biliopancreatic diseases.

Surgery and endovascular techniques are the most important methods in treating lower limb atherosclerosis occlusion.Different strategies should be adopted according to the features of lesion in lower limb.This article reviews the latest clinical outcomes in treating lower limb atheroselerosis occlusion with surgery and endovascular techniques.

Target restoration space (TRS) is the most precise space required for designing optimal prosthesis. TRS consists of an internal or external tooth space to confirm the esthetics and function of the final restoration. Therefore, assisted with quantitive analysis transfer, TRS quantitative analysis is a significant improvement for minimum tooth preparation. This article presents TRS quantity-related measurement, analysis, transfer, and internal relevance of three TR. classifications. Results reveal the close bond between precision and minimally invasive treatment. This study can be used to improve the comprehension and execution of precise esthetic prosthodontics.
Esthetics ; Esthetics, Dental ; Humans ; Prosthodontics ; methods ; Tooth Preparation