No abstract available.
Trigger Points*

The purpose of this study was to design an interactive multimedia nutrition education program for preschoolers. Computer technology provides the opportunity to explore new and creative methods of delivering nutrition education to preschoolers. If this method is effective, more preschoolers can be reached with accurate and consistent nutrition education with less time and teaching staff. This program is a computer-based multimedia nutrition education program for preschoolers based on the Dick and Carey (Dick and Carey 2001) model of instructional design which includes analysis, design, development, and evaluation. The overall instructional goal was based on the needs of the target population. The needs assessment was a self-administered survey distributed to 1,426 parents of preschoolers, focusing on the need for preschoolers' nutrition education. The results of the survey indicated that parents wanted their children to learn reasons for eating nutritious food. Therefore, a program titled "Nutrition Exploration" was developed with the instructional goal of teaching preschoolers the 5 Food Groups. To achieve this goal, the preschoolers were engaged in a game. They could earn colored jewels by completing the game in five sessions. The story line was that people living in a peaceful kingdom become sick after they lose the jewels. The learner takes an adventurous journey through five different countries to retrieve the jewels. These countries are "Giwoon nahrah" (foods containing carbohydrates, such as rice and potatoes), "Sangsang nahrah" (foods that are rich in vitamins and minerals, such as vegetables and fruits), "Sooksook nahrah" (calciumcontaining products such as milk), "Teunteun nahrah" (protein-containing foods such as meat and fish), and "Gakeum nahrah" (products with high sugar and fat content, such as instant foods and soda). The learner who obtains five jewels in five different countries can save the kingdom. For the program to be effective and efficient, the multimedia had to be easy for the preschooler to enter, use, and exit. The verbal instructions enhanced child autonomy, and the program was developmentally appropriate so that the young child could easily manipulate the software. This research provides the basis for the continued development of computer-based nutrition education materials.
Carbohydrates ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Eating ; Education* ; Health Services Needs and Demand ; Humans ; Meat ; Minerals ; Multimedia* ; Needs Assessment ; Parents ; Vegetables ; Vitamins

PURPOSE: The cell cycle control system is necessary for the normal growth and differentiation of cells. The purposes of this study were to compare CD99 expression with a known intracellular marker of a specific cell cycle and to evaluate the potential of CD99 as surface marker for this cell cycle. METHODS: We induced arrest of the cell cycle in fetal lung fibroblast by contact inhibition or serum deprivation from culture media. We activated peripheral blood lymphocytes with the treatment of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and interleukin-2 (IL-2). Next, we synchronized the cell cycle of peripheral blood lymphocytes to the late G1 phase with rapamycin. According to their CD99 expression, the peripheral blood lymphocytes were separated by magnetic bead and analyzed by Western blotting. RESULTS: CD99 expression in fetal lung fibroblast rapidly decreased in cell cycle arrest and recovered soon after G1 activation of the cell cycle. By analyzing chronologic changes of CD99 expression and PI-histogram, we found CD99 expression decreased after passing the G1 checkpoint. G1/S transition was interrupted by potent immunosuppresant, rapamycin. IL-2 receptor remained high after rapamycin treatment in the activated lymphocytes, whereas CD99 expression and propium iodide decreased as compared with the same condition without rapamycin. This suggested that CD99 expression was decreased in the late G1 phase. Retinoblastoma gene (Rb) and CDK-2 are necessary for G1/S transition. We found both of these in CD99+ lymphocyte through Western blotting only. Cyclin B, which has an important role in S/G2/M transition, was only found in CD99-activated lymphocytes. CONCLUSION: CD99 may be a G1 phase specific surface marker.
Blotting, Western ; Cell Cycle Checkpoints ; Cell Cycle* ; Contact Inhibition ; Culture Media ; Cyclin B ; Fibroblasts ; G1 Phase ; Genes, Retinoblastoma ; Interleukin-2 ; Lung ; Lymphocytes ; Receptors, Interleukin-2 ; Sirolimus

OBJECTIVE: The authors report a retrospective analysis of the clinical effect of dorsal root entry zone (DREZ) lesioning for neuropathic intractable pain. METHODS: Fourteen patients who underwent dorsal root entry zone lesioning for various types of pain between September 1995 and August 2001 were evaluated retrospectively. Eleven male and three female patients whose ages ranging from 35 to 70 were studied. According to causes of intractable pain, patients were divided into paraplegic pain(7 patients), peripheral nerve injury pain(3), cancer pain(3), phantom limb pain(1) and root avulsion pain(1). Other preoperative pain managements showed no benificial effects. The changes in painful symtoms were closely observed during follow up period. The mean follow period after operation was 32.4 months. RESULTS: Postoperatively, the decrease in level of pain was classified into four groups : excellent, good, fair, poor. Excellent represented no pain without medication : Good, pain tolerable with non-opiate medicine ; Fair, pain tolerable with opiate medicine ; Poor, pain sustained. After operation, three patients were in excellent group, eight in good, one in fair, and two in poor. Twelve patients were in medically tolerable pain group accounting for 85.7%. There were no serious operation releated side effects. CONCLUSION: DREZ lesioning, in our series, provided substantial pain relief and this may be considered an option in management of these types of intractable neuropathic pain.
Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Male ; Neuralgia ; Pain Management ; Pain, Intractable* ; Peripheral Nerve Injuries ; Phantom Limb ; Retrospective Studies ; Spinal Nerve Roots*

PURPOSE: Porcine proliferative enteropathy (PPE) is known as one of the most important risk factors causing economic losses in swine industry worldwide. This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of a commercial oral attenuated Lawsonia intracellularis vaccine (Enterisol Ileitis) against PPE under a commercial pig farm condition in Korea. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty two-day-old 672 piglets were randomly allocated into vaccinated and control groups. All piglets in the vaccinated group were inoculated with a commercial attenuated L. intracellularis vaccine as following the manufacturer's instruction. Body weights of all pigs in both groups were measured on the vaccination day and 6, 14, and 20 weeks post vaccination and an average daily weight gain (ADWG) was calculated. Health status was observed biweekly during the whole trial. RESULTS: The vaccinated group showed significantly higher body weight (p<0.05) and ADWG (p<0.05) than those of the control group. The vaccinated group had significantly reduced impairments in activity, growth, defecation frequency, and stool hardness (p<0.05). Additional health benefits and improved weight gain by the vaccination produced a 4.2:1 return of investment, and the higher gross margin was $4.80 per pig. CONCLUSION: Our finding suggests that the L. intracellularis vaccine program has effects on the substantial health and economic benefits in the Korean swine industry.
Body Weight ; Defecation ; Hardness ; Ileitis ; Insurance Benefits ; Intestinal Diseases ; Investments ; Korea ; Lawsonia Bacteria ; Risk Factors ; Swine ; Vaccination ; Vaccines ; Weight Gain

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the high-resolution CT(HRCT) appearance of abnormalities of small airways and lung parenchyma associated with bronchiectasis and to correlate HRCT appearance and the results of pulmonary function tests. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The author retrospectively reviewed medical recordsand HRCT scans of 33 patients with bronchiectasis. Abnormalities of small airways and lung parenchyma in lobeswith bronchiectasis were assessed on HRCT scan. The findings on HRCT were correlated with the results of pulmonary function tests in 20 patients. In two specimens obtained at lobectomy, histologic examinations were conducted to determine the pathologic basis for CT findings of disease of small airways. RESULTS: Patchy areas of low attenuation(n=27), centrilobular nodules or branching opacities(n=20), irregular hyper attenuation(n=16), and areasof ground-glass attenuation(n=4) were observed on HRCT scans. In the lobar evaluation, areas of low attenuation were observed in 66(76%) of the 87 lobes with bronchiectasis. Areas of low attenuation were also identified inseven(9%) of the 75 lobes without bronchiectasis. On expiratory HRCT, the lung parenchyma with areas of low attenuation did not show a normal increase in CT attenuation and remained more lucent than surrounding normallung, which suggested that air was trapped in the lung parenchyma. Of the 20 patients who underwent pulmonary function tests, six showed an obstructive pattern. These six had more lobes with bronchiectasis and with areas oflow attenuation than the other 14 patients, who did not have an obstructive pulmonary function pattern(p<.01). Intwo patients who had undergone lobectomy, pathologic examination showed bronchiolities obliterans in small airway speripheral to the dilated bronchi. CONCLUSION: In bronchiectasis, areas of low attenuation and centrilobular nodules or branching opacities are commonly observed in the lung parenchyma peripheral to the dilated bronchi on HRCT. These HRCT findings correspond pathologically to bronchiolitis obliterans and to lung parenchyma with trapped air. The number of loves with bronchiectasis and with areas of low attenuation correlate significantly with an obstructive pattern on pulmonary function tests.
Bronchi ; Bronchiectasis* ; Bronchiolitis ; Bronchiolitis Obliterans ; Humans ; Love ; Lung ; Respiratory Function Tests* ; Retrospective Studies

OBJECTIVE: Although there are several risk factors to which related intraoperative aneurymal bleeding, the relationship between ventricular drainage to aneurysmal rebleeding is still controversial. We investigate to define the relationship of an immediate ventricular drainage after craniotomies in predissection stage rerupture of aneurysms. METHODS: Randomized prospective and retrospective analyses were performed on 197 consecutive patients with confirmed aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage(SAH) who underwent aneurysmal clipping in acute stage during 5 years. The aneurysmal SAH patients were divided into two groups according to the use of intraoperative ventricular cerebrospinal fluid(CSF) drainage. Various variables including Hunt-Hess grade, Fisher grade, Glasgow coma scale, Glasgow outcome scale, location of aneurysms, and the presence of a "daughter" aneurysm and hydrocephalus were analyzed. RESULTS: Regardless the drained CSF amount, the incidence of the intraoperative aneurysmal rerupture in predissection stage during aneurysmal clipping has not showed any difference in both groups. Depending on the presence of the acute hydrocephalus, the rerupture incidence in dissection stage during aneurysmal surgery was not statistically significant. However, the frequency of rebleeding in patients with ventriculostomy(66% of 24) was significantly higher than in hydrocephalic patients without ventriculostomy(25% of 27) and patients without acute hydrocephalus(22% of 110). CONCLUSION: Routine intraoperative ventricular drainage does not increase the incidence of aneurysmal rebleeding and the more extensive arachnoid dissection is not necessary even during an early surgery. Moreover, it obtains an adequate intraoperative brain relaxation, which resulted in the decrease of retraction injury.
Aneurysm* ; Arachnoid ; Brain ; Craniotomy ; Drainage* ; Glasgow Coma Scale ; Glasgow Outcome Scale ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Hydrocephalus ; Incidence* ; Prospective Studies ; Relaxation ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

The purposes of this study were firstly to investigate the any formation of precipitate after interaction between ALX and NaOCL and secondarily to analyze the PCA formation by using time of flight secondary ion mass (TOF-SIM) spectrometry. Mass spectrometry analysis was performed for the mixture of 0.5% ALX and 5.25% NaOCl. As controls, 2.5% CHX with 5.25% NaOCl and 1% PCA solutions were used. Any formation of precipitates in 10 tested solutions was evaluated by naked eye. Results of mass spectrum showed that the typical peak of PCA was not detected in mixed solution of ALX and NaOCl, whereas CHX/NaOCl mixture showed the same peak that found in the PCA spectrum. Precipitate formation was only observed in CHX/NaOCL mixture. The present TOF-SIM spectrometry results indicated that ALX can be a useful root canal irrigant combined with NaOCl during canal instrumentation. Further study is necessary to confirm the antimicrobial effect of ALX against endodontic pathogen before its clinical application as an endodontic irrigant.
Aniline Compounds ; Biguanides ; Dental Pulp Cavity ; Eye ; Mass Spectrometry ; Passive Cutaneous Anaphylaxis ; Sodium ; Sodium Hypochlorite ; Spectrum Analysis

BACKGROUND: To observe the immediate and long-term results of bronchial artery embolization(BAE) for hemoptysis and the factors influencing the recurrences. METHODS: This study involved 75 patients with massive, or moderate and recurrent hemoptysis, who underwent bronchial artery embolization(BAE) from 1994 to 1999. The underlying diseases included pulmonary tuberculosis in 35, bronchiectasis in 22, aspergilloma in 12, lung cancer in 3, and 3 with other diseases. RESULTS: After BAE, bleeding was controlled immediately in 61 patients(82.7%). One patient died of another medical problem, 3 patients were referred to surgery and 5 patients could not be followed-up. In the remaining 66 patients who were followed for more than one-year after BAE, 37(56.1%) patients had another hemorrhage(26 hemoptysis, 11 minor hemosputa). Among the recurred 37 subjects, 19(51.4%) experienced hemorrhage within 1 month after BAE, 31(83.8%) within 1 year, and 36(94.1%) within 3 years. The underlying lung diseases, the amount of bleeding and the extent of the involved lungs were factors affecting the outcome, especially blood loss >500cc was an important factor affecting the recurrence. BAE for two cases with lung malignancy was ineffective. Long-term control of bleeding (3-year cumulative non-recurrence) was achieved in 30 subjects(45.5%). CONCLUSION: Bronchial artery embolization(BAE) is effective as an initial treatment for moderate to massive hemoptysis. Because most of the recurrences occurred within 3 years, it is important to follow-up such patients for at least 3 years after BAE and the most significant factor affecting the prognosis was amount of blood loss.
Bronchial Arteries* ; Bronchiectasis ; Follow-Up Studies ; Hemoptysis* ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Lung ; Lung Diseases ; Lung Neoplasms ; Prognosis ; Recurrence ; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Spontaneously thrombosed cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVM) are infrequently reported. Its pathophysiology, and natural course, however, are still not clarified yet. Authors report a case of symptomatic, spontaneously thrombosed cerebral AVM in a 34-year-old male with a follow-up of 16-year duration, which was surgically extirpated due to repeated bleeding and intractable seizure disorder, and histopathologically confirmed. Relevant literatures are reviewed and discussed.
Adult ; Epilepsy ; Follow-Up Studies ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations* ; Male ; Seizures