BACKGROUND: The large surfaces of the skin are often initial site of contact between microorganism and human. The skin are coated with epidermis and epithelial cells can recognize microorganism and mount a fast defense through the production of various inducible antibiotic peptides. This leads to chracteristic broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity against bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Recent studies introduce us new peptides with antimicrobial activity such as P,-defensins and cathelicidins. They are expressed on the epithelia and polymorphonuclear leukocytes, which are first lines of defence from various invasive environments. Futhermore, they are considered very interesting and important endogenous antibiotics. Our previous study has shown that the expression of human defensin(hBD-2) mRNA, which is potent antibiotic peptide against Gram-negative bacteria(P. aeruginosa), was upregulated with ultraviolet(UV) irradiation, tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) and lipopolysaccharide(LPS) in HaCaT cells. A novel hBD-3, 5-kDa, nonhemolytic antimicrobial peptide, was demonstrated a salt-insensitive broad spectrum of potent antimicrobial activity against many potentially pathogenic microbes in especially, multiresistant S. aureus. We have analyzed the expression patterns of hBD-3 in HaCaT cell lines. OBJECTIVE: This research have done in order to evaluate the expression and regulation of hBD-3 mRNA in human keratinocyte cell lines. METHODS: HaCaT cell lines were used to all culture experiments. Cultured human keratinocytes were stimulated with UV irradiation or TNF-α or LPS to determine whether hBD-3 mRNA production occurred. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was per-formed to amplify hBD-3 cDNA from stimulated keratinocytes in a time dependant manner, and densitometry was used to verify the specificity of RT-PCR amplication products. RESULTS: Expression of hBD-3 was upregulated with UV irradiation, TNF-α and LPS in Ha-CaT cells compared to control CONCLUSIONS: Human keratinocytes are capable to induce hBD-3 mRNA, as well as hBD-2, in response to UV irradiation, TNF-α and LPS. suggesting that these cells could play an important role against the bacterial infection and UV light damage in human skin.
Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Bacteria ; Bacterial Infections ; Cathelicidins ; Cell Line* ; Densitometry ; DNA, Complementary ; Epidermis ; Epithelial Cells ; Fungi ; Humans* ; Keratinocytes ; Necrosis ; Neutrophils ; Peptides ; RNA, Messenger ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Skin ; Ultraviolet Rays

We have reviewed ovarian mature cystic teratomas with features of chronic thyroiditis that were diagnosed at the department of pathology, Seoul National University Hospital during 7 years, 1984-1991. Twenty three case(8%) containing thyroid tissue among 285 ovarian mature teratomas were available for histopathologic examination. Among these, 4 cases(1.4%) showed lymphocytic infiltration with lymphoid follicle formation. These four cases were examined according to the strict histologic criteria of autoimmune thyroiditis and reactive non-autoimmune thyroiditis for the purpose of differentiation of pathogenesis. Two cases were similar to autoimmune in nature and the other two cases simply seemed to reflect reactive features to adjacent stimulating elements. In conclusion, thyroid tissue present in ovarian cystic teratoma may have histologic features of chronic thyroiditis of either autoimmune or non-autoimmune origin.

CHAP syndorme consists of choreoathetosis, orofacial dyskinesia, affective change, hypotonia, and pseudobulbar signs. CHAP syndrome was firstly des- cribed with onset 1 to 7 days after induced profound hypothermia and complete circulatory arrest for con- genital heart lesion repair. Since then, only a few cases have been reported until now. Case We report a patient who demonstrated all of the elements of the CHAP syndrome in severe cachexic state. Brain SPECT(99mTC-ECD) shows decreased perfusion in left fronto-parieto-temporal lobe. Comments The pathogenesis of CHAP syndrome is obscure. However our case led us to suggest that more essential component pre- disposing to the CHAP syndrome is hypoxia rather than hypothermia. Furthermore, it seems to be related with circulatory insufficiency in extrapyramidal nervous systems.
Anoxia ; Brain ; Heart ; Humans ; Hypothermia ; Movement Disorders ; Muscle Hypotonia ; Nervous System ; Perfusion

No abstract available.
Dupuytren Contracture*

Cryptococcosis is an opportunistic yeast infection caused by Cryptococcosis neoformans. The cutaneous manifestations are usually polymorphic and nonspecific. Lesions may appear as subcutaneous swelling, abscesses, tumor-like masses, papules or large ulcers. Therefore, diagnosis of cutaneous cryptococcosis is quite difficult and often delayed. Clinical suspicion is very important in diagnosis. A 47-year-old man presented with a ulcerative nodule on the right side of the neck. Because initial skin biopsy revealed granulomatous lesion, we misdiagnosed his lesion as skin tuberculosis and treated him with anti tuberculosis medication for 6 months. But his symptom was not improved. After second biopsy specimen had showed some spores with narrow neck budding, we confirmed this case as a cryptococcosis and successfully treated with itraconazole (200 mg/day) for 12 weeks.
Abscess ; Biopsy ; Cryptococcosis* ; Diagnosis ; Humans ; Itraconazole ; Middle Aged ; Neck ; Skin* ; Spores ; Tuberculosis ; Tuberculosis, Cutaneous* ; Ulcer ; Yeasts

Verrucous carcinoma is a variant of well-differentiated squarmous cell carcinoma. Although this tumor is well-documented in the oral cavity, its occurrence on the glans penis is rare. It is a relatively nonaggressive tumor which seldom metastasizes to the resional lymph node or distantly. With proper treatment, the prognosis is excellent. We have experienced a case of verrucous carcinoma arising on the glans penis with the previous insertion of paraffin and penile prosthesis for the augumentation of penis, which was treated with total phallectomy. We report this case with a review of literature.
Carcinoma, Verrucous* ; Lymph Nodes ; Male ; Mouth ; Paraffin ; Penile Prosthesis* ; Penis* ; Prognosis

Striae distensae are characterized by linear, smooth bands of atrophic-appearing skin. In histologic findings, the epidermis is thin and flattened. There is a decrease in the thickness of the dermis. Separation of collagen fibers and small, fragmented elastic fibers are seen in the dermis. Striae distensae develop as a result of disruption of the connective tissue framework. Main mechanism of edematous striae distensae is disintegration of collagen, followed by the pressure induced by generalized edema as the secondary mechanism. The patient is a 17-year-old boy who had generalized pitting edema and abdominal distension due to nephrotic syndrome. On the abdomen, he has presented with edematous striae and ulceration with exudate for 1 week. Edematous striae distensae are uncommon but can develop from the combined effects of glucocorticoid and generalized edema. We report a case of edematous striae distensae in nephrotic syndrome.
Abdomen ; Adolescent ; Collagen ; Connective Tissue ; Dermis ; Edema* ; Elastic Tissue ; Epidermis ; Exudates and Transudates ; Humans ; Male ; Nephrotic Syndrome* ; Skin ; Striae Distensae* ; Ulcer

PURPOSE: To measure the enophthalmos corrective effect after inferior orbital wall reconstruction, we compared preoperative and intraoperative exophthalmometric values with postoperative exophthalmometric values. METHODS: From January 2014 to April 2016, 60 eyes of 60 patients who underwent surgery for inferior orbital wall fracture were included. In Group 1, the exophthalmometric value was measured before surgery, during the operation, and 6 months after surgery using the Naugle exophthalmometer. In Group 2, the value was measured before surgery and 6 months after surgery using the Hertel exophthalmometer. The thickness of implants was determined by preoperative exophthalmometric values and overcorrection of 0.5 mm was performed in Group 1 patients with relatively large fractures. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 32.4 years in Group 1 and 34.3 years in Group 2. The mean duration between injury and surgery was 4.2 weeks in Group 1 and 2.3 weeks in Group 2. There was no statistically significant difference between preoperative exophthalmometric values in Group 1 (−1.78 ± 0.31 mm) and Group 2 (−1.81 ± 0.26 mm), but postoperative exophthalmometric values between Group 1 (−0.25 ± 0.78 mm) and Group 2 (−0.53 ± 0.46 mm) were statistically different (p = 0.034). CONCLUSIONS: The exophthalmometric values and wall fracture size are important factors for determining implant thickness of inferior orbital wall reconstruction. Intraoperative measurement of exophthalmometric values should be considered in inferior orbital wall reconstruction for enophthalmos correction.
Enophthalmos* ; Humans ; Orbit*

BACKGROUND: There is an increasing interest in physical activity as a preventive and/or therapeutic option of non alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The aim of this study was to examine the association between physical activity and ultrasound-diagnosed NAFLD. METHODS: From April to June 2007, 198 clients who had consumed alcohol less than 140 gram per week among 598 clients who visited a general hospital for medical check-up were enrolled in this study. Clinical, biochemical variables and physical activity were compared. Physical activity was measured by self-reported questionnaire using IPAQ-short form in Korean version. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to identify independent association. RESULTS: The prevalence of NAFLD was significantly lower in the physical active group (more than 1500 MET- minutes per week) compared to the inactive group (9.6% vs 19.2%, P<0.05). This association was not attenuated when adjusted for age, BMI, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, fasting glucose, and HOMA2-IR (Odds Ratio 0.23 [95% CI 0.07~0.77, P<0.05]). CONCLUSION: Compared to the physically inactive group, the risk of NAFLD was lower in the physically active group. Our data suggests that regular and moderate physical exercise can prevent the development of fatty liver disease.
Cholesterol, HDL ; Exercise ; Fasting ; Fatty Liver ; Fatty Liver, Alcoholic ; Glucose ; Hospitals, General ; Logistic Models ; Motor Activity ; Obesity ; Prevalence ; Triglycerides ; Surveys and Questionnaires

BACKGROUND: Defensins are cationic antimicrobial peptides with a wide range of antimicrobial activity against gram positive and gram negative bacteria, yeasts, fungi, and viruses. They are also believed to promote a rapid cellular immune response to infection via chemotactic effect on monocyte. In addition to their antimicrobial actions, defensins may accelerate wound healing by virtue of their mitogenic effect on epithelial cells and fibroblasts. OBJECTIVES: We performed this study to investigate the characterization of human beta-defensin (hBD)-1, -2 and -3 mRNA expression in epidermal proliferative diseases. METHODS: The level of expression of hBD-1, -2 and -3 mRNA was analyzed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) assay and densitometry in epidermal proliferative diseases. RESULTS: hBD-1, -3 mRNAs were expressed in normal human epidermis and more readily detectable in epidermal proliferative diseases such as psoriasis vulgaris, prurigo nodularis, proliferative lichen planus, lichen simplex chronicus. But the expression of hBD-1 mRNA in psoriasis vulgaris mRNA was not significantly increased. hBD-2 mRNA was not detected in normal human epidermis and epidermal proliferative diseases with the exception of psoriasis vulgaris. CONCLUSION: These expressions of human beta defensin mRNAs in the epidermal proliferative diseases suggest that human beta defensin may have a close relationship with skin inflammations.
Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides ; Defensins ; Densitometry ; Epidermis ; Epithelial Cells ; Fibroblasts ; Fungi ; Gram-Negative Bacteria ; Humans* ; Immunity, Cellular ; Inflammation ; Lichen Planus ; Monocytes ; Neurodermatitis ; Prurigo ; Psoriasis ; RNA, Messenger* ; Skin ; Virtues ; Wound Healing ; Yeasts