OBJECTIVE: The increasing use of imaging examinations such as computed tomography (CT) results in increased contrast media use, which increases contrast media-induced adverse reactions (AR). This study investigated the risk factors of ARs to nonionic iodinated contrast media. METHODS: This study evaluated patients who were administered iodinated contrast media during CT scanning in Yeouido St. Mary's Hospital in Seoul, Korea in 2012. Among the subjects, those with contrast media-induced ARs were classified as the AR group. The control group included individuals without ARs who were selected through simple random sampling. The effects of sex, age, contrast media type and dose, CT region, previous contrast media administration, allergy history, and comorbidity were analyzed in the AR and control groups. RESULTS: Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate the identified AR risk factors in 103 subjects in the AR group and 412 subjects in the control group. The results confirmed that the risk of developing ARs was significantly higher in females [odds ratio (OR): 2.206; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.353-3.598], in individuals administered Iohexol (OR: 9.981; 95% CI: 2.361-42.193), in individuals with an allergy history (OR: 3.982; 95% CI: 1.742-9.101), and in individuals with comorbid asthma (OR: 6.619; 95% CI: 1.377-31.826). Most of the ARs were mild and immediate. CONCLUSION: In patients who were administered contrast media during CT scans, female gender, Iohexol use, allergy history, and asthma were risk factors for ARs. Therefore, special care is required for patients with such risk factors to prevent ARs.
Asthma ; Comorbidity ; Contrast Media* ; Female ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity ; Iohexol ; Korea ; Logistic Models ; Risk Factors* ; Seoul ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

Pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused many changes in the healthcare system and patients with preexisting advanced liver disease, notably cirrhosis, are associated with a severe course and a high mortality rate of COVID-19. In patients with liver disease, the underlying liver disease severity is closely related to the prognosis, so appropriate management of liver disease will be one of the most important strategies to protect the patient from COVID-19 infection that may occur in the future. The approach to patient care should be individualized and flexible according to the type and severity of patient’s underlying liver disease, the prevalence of COVID-19, and availability of medical resource. If possible, standard of care for patients with liver disease should be resumed In addition, it is necessary to predict and prepare for the wave of liver disease yet to come after the COVID-19 pandemic.

Objectives: This study aimed to identify the socioeconomic factors related to tooth brushing behavior among adults in Korea. Methods: This cross-sectional study used data from the Korea Community Health Survey (KCHS) in 2019. Respondents aged 19 years and older (n=299,099) comprised the study sample. The dependent variable was tooth brushing behavior, whereas the independent variables were demographic and socioeconomic factors. The data were processed using chi-squared test, independent t-test, ANOVA, and adjusted multiple logistic regression analysis were performed. Statistical analysis was performed using the STATA 17.0 program, with significance set at the 5% level. Results: About half (55%) of the respondents brushed their teeth at least twice a day. The findings also revealed significant differences according to socioeconomic status (P<.01). Those who brushed their teeth less than twice a day had the following characteristics: men, aged 45 years or older, low income, working outside, less educated, without a spouse, and living in rural areas. Adjusted multiple logistic regression analysis showed that the area of residence contributed to tooth brushing behavior. Conclusions The area of residence, as well as socioeconomic status, should be considered in oral health education and intervention strategies.

Pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused many changes in the healthcare system and patients with preexisting advanced liver disease, notably cirrhosis, are associated with a severe course and a high mortality rate of COVID-19. In patients with liver disease, the underlying liver disease severity is closely related to the prognosis, so appropriate management of liver disease will be one of the most important strategies to protect the patient from COVID-19 infection that may occur in the future. The approach to patient care should be individualized and flexible according to the type and severity of patient’s underlying liver disease, the prevalence of COVID-19, and availability of medical resource. If possible, standard of care for patients with liver disease should be resumed In addition, it is necessary to predict and prepare for the wave of liver disease yet to come after the COVID-19 pandemic.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether high dose progesterone intramuscular injections before oocyte retrieval and thereafter increase the implantation and pregnancy rates through improvement of uterine receptivity in patients undergoing in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer (IVF-ET). METHODS: The retrospective randomized analysis was performed in whom undergoing conventional IVF- ET at Chonnam National University Hospital Infertility Clinic from August, 1996 to July, 2001. The study group consisted of 57 patients having intramuscular progesterone injections for 4-5 days from the day of hCG injection to the day of embryo transfer and 60 patients without progesterone supplement (control group). We compared between two groups with respect to age distribution, cause of infertility, blood levels of hormone, number of aspirated ovum, number of fertilized egg, number of cleaved embryo, number of transfered embryo, embryo transplantation, cumulative embryo score, chemical and clinical pregnancy rates. RESULTS: The oocytes retrievals were done at 87 cycles in study group and 82 cycles in control group. There were no significant differences in the average age and distribution of causes of infertility. Tubal factor was the dominant cause of infertility in both groups. There were no significant differences in the number of aspirated eggs, number of fertilized eggs, cleavage rates and number of multinuclear fertilized eggs. The embryo transfer were performed 76 out of 87 cycles in study group, and 64 out of 82 cycles in control group. The average number of transferred embryos to the uterine cavity was not different, in the study and control group (2.72+/-1.64 and 2.39+/-2.03 respectively). The chemical pregnancy rate did not differ significantly (7.89% in study group, and 6.25% in control group). The clinical pregnancy rate was higher in the control group (18.75%) than in the study group (12.84%), but the result was not statistically significant. However, the number of fertilized eggs and cumulative embryo score were significantly higher in study group. CONCLUSION: High dose of progesterone supplementation before and after oocyte retrieval in IVF-ET cycles did not improve pregnancy outcome, instead showed lower pregnancy rate than no supplement group, thus we cannot consider progesterone supplementation improve endometrial receptivity and increase implantation and pregnancy rate. But, since we could improve the fertilization rate and embryo development rate through increase of the number of fertilized eggs and cumulative embryo score, further evaluation is needed in this field and we have to make vigorous efforts to increase implantation rate in IVF-ET cycles.
Age Distribution ; Eggs ; Embryo Transfer* ; Embryonic Development ; Embryonic Structures* ; Female ; Fertilization ; Fertilization in Vitro* ; Humans ; Infertility ; Injections, Intramuscular ; Jeollanam-do ; Oocyte Retrieval ; Oocytes ; Ovum ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Outcome ; Pregnancy Rate ; Progesterone* ; Retrospective Studies ; Zygote

PURPOSE: This study was done to develop and evaluate an algorithm-based simulation scenario for emergency measures for high-risk newborns presenting with apnea. METHODS: A one shot case study design was used to evaluate the algorithm-based simulation scenario. Effects of the developed simulation scenario were evaluated using the Simulation Effectiveness Tool (SET) and the Lasater Clinical Judgement Rubric (LCJR). From March to November 137 senior nursing students completed the simulation using this scenario. RESULTS: The eight-frame simulation scenario was developed based on the Neonatal Resuscitation Program (NRP) and the nursing clinical judgment process. After use of the scenario, overall scores for SET and LCJR were 21.0 out of 26.0 and 32.4 out of 44.0 respectively. There were no significant differences in scores according to general characteristics. Positive correlation coefficients were identified among overall and subcategories of SET and LCJR. In addition, students provided positive feedback on the simulation experience. CONCLUSION: Considering that nursing students have limited access to high-risk newborns during their clinical experience and that newborns presenting apnea are common in the neonatal intensive care unit, the simulation scenario developed in this study is expected to provide nursing students with more opportunities to practice emergency measures for high-risk newborns.
Apnea* ; Education, Nursing ; Emergencies* ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn* ; Intensive Care, Neonatal ; Judgment ; Nursing ; Pediatric Nursing ; Resuscitation ; Students, Nursing

PURPOSE: This study was done to develop and evaluate an algorithm-based simulation scenario for emergency measures for high-risk newborns presenting with apnea. METHODS: A one shot case study design was used to evaluate the algorithm-based simulation scenario. Effects of the developed simulation scenario were evaluated using the Simulation Effectiveness Tool (SET) and the Lasater Clinical Judgement Rubric (LCJR). From March to November 137 senior nursing students completed the simulation using this scenario. RESULTS: The eight-frame simulation scenario was developed based on the Neonatal Resuscitation Program (NRP) and the nursing clinical judgment process. After use of the scenario, overall scores for SET and LCJR were 21.0 out of 26.0 and 32.4 out of 44.0 respectively. There were no significant differences in scores according to general characteristics. Positive correlation coefficients were identified among overall and subcategories of SET and LCJR. In addition, students provided positive feedback on the simulation experience. CONCLUSION: Considering that nursing students have limited access to high-risk newborns during their clinical experience and that newborns presenting apnea are common in the neonatal intensive care unit, the simulation scenario developed in this study is expected to provide nursing students with more opportunities to practice emergency measures for high-risk newborns.
Apnea* ; Education, Nursing ; Emergencies* ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn* ; Intensive Care, Neonatal ; Judgment ; Nursing ; Pediatric Nursing ; Resuscitation ; Students, Nursing

No abstract available.
Apoptosis/*radiation effects ; *Gamma Rays ; Humans ; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/*metabolism

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly aggressive disease that is usually diagnosed at an advanced stage. Advanced HCC has limited treatment options and often has a poor prognosis. For the past decade, tyrosine kinase inhibitors have been the only treatments approved for advanced HCC that have shown overall survival (OS) benefits; however, but their clinical efficacy has been limited. Recent trials have demonstrated promising advancements in survival outcomes through immunotherapy-based treatments, such as combinations of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) with other ICIs, antiangiogenic drugs, and locoregional therapies. The atezolizumab-bevacizumab and durvalumab-tremelimumab (STRIDE) regimen has significantly improved survival rates as a first-line treatment and has become the new standard of care. Therefore, combined treatments for advanced HCC can result in better treatment outcomes owing to their synergistic effects, which requires a multidisciplinary approach. Ongoing studies are examining other therapeutic innovations that can improve disease control and OS rates. Despite improvements in the treatment of advanced HCC, further studies on the optimal treatment selection and sequences, biomarker identification, combination approaches with other therapies, and development of novel immunotherapy agents are required. This review presents the current treatment options and clinical data of the ICI-based combination immunotherapies for advanced HCC from a multidisciplinary perspective.

OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted to investigate the effects of aircraft noise exposure on children's mental health problems such as depression and personality. METHODS: We obtained data from the health examinations of school children in the vicinity of Gunsan airport. This survey was conducted in the rural area, Gunsan during 2009. The study population included 195 children attending 4th to 6th grade from 6 elementary schools near the airport. Based on 60 Weighted Equivalent Continuous Perceived Noise Level (WECPNL) measures of aircraft noise, participants were divided into 2 groups; the exposure group consisted of 106 children from 4 schools, and the reference group included 89 children from the 2 schools in Gunsan. All children completed questions on general characteristics, the Korean Children's Depression Inventory (KCDI) for depression, and the Korea Human Nature Inspection (KHNI) for personality. RESULTS: Children in the exposure group were at higher risk of depression (5.62, 95% CI 1.12~28.25), and personality changes (2.08, 95% CI 1.07~4.05) than those of the reference group. In particular, children's diligence, cooperation, and concentration, subgroups of personality measure, were affected significantly and negatively, by aircraft noise level. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that exposure to aircraft noise at school is associated with mental health problems in children. Requirements should be implemented to manage aircraft noise of its affect on children's health.
Aircraft ; Airports ; Child ; Depression ; Health Surveys ; Human Characteristics ; Humans ; Korea ; Mental Health ; Noise