Objective To assess the courses of evidence-based medicine among graduate students. Methods A sample of 118 graduate students who took the course were surveyed twice by using the same self-designed questionnaire at the beginning and the end of the course.Pre-post comparison was conducted to measure the impact. Results The students were able to grasp the most of the contents of the course,and reshaped their opinions on evidence-based medicine,with which,a positive impact on their medical practice was expected. Conclusion The course of evidence-based medicine for graduate students has resulted in a positive consequence.

Objective To validate the repeatability of the simplified cough score and its responsiveness to effective treatment and investigate the relationship between the simplified cough score and cough symptom score.MethodsA total of 119 patients with chronic cough referred to our respiratory clinic were recruited into the study between June 2010 and February 2011. Cough severity was evaluated by the simplified cough score,cough symptom score,Leicester cough questionnaire,and cough reflex sensitivity detection,and the correlations among them were analyzed.The change ratio,effect size,and standardized response mean of the simplified cough score were calculated after a 2-week course of effective treatment.The repeatability of the simplified cough score was assessed in 99 untreated patients with stable chronic cough.ResultsThe intraclass correlation coefficient in a 3-day test-retest interval of simplified cough score was 0.90 ( 95 ％ CI =0.84 - 0.92,P =0.00 ) for daytime and 0.89 ( 95 ％ CI =0.91 - 0.96,P =0.00 ) for nighttime. There was an obvious positive linear correlation between the simplified cough score and cough symptom score ( daytime:r =0.82,P =0.00 ; nighttime:r =0.92,P =0.00 ),a significant negative linear correlation between the cough score and Leicester cough questionnaire,and a weak but significant negative correlation between the simplified cough score and cough threshold C2 or C5 to capsaicin. After a 2-week course of effective treatment,the change ratio,effect size,and standardized response mean were 46.71％,1.16,and 1.05 for daytime and 71.87％,1.09,and 1.10 for nighttime,respectively.ConclusionThe simplified cough score is a reliable and valid tool for evaluation of cough severity in clinical practice.

OBJECTIVETo explore biomechanical properties and stress-strain of mucosa scars after cleft palate surgery.

METHODSAfter the model of mucosa scars was made, the mucosa scars and normal mucosa were excised and examined immediately by tensionometry.

RESULTSThe mucosa scars after cleft palate surgery were compared with normal mucosa. The Poisson's ratio of mucosa scars and normal mucosa was 0.5 and 0.49, respectively, showing no significant difference between the two groups. The ultimate Young's modulus of mucosa scars was about 24.22 MPa, however, it declined to 3.32 Mpa in normal mucosa.

CONCLUSIONSThe mucosa scars after cleft palate surgery are biomechanically weaker than normal mucosa. It can be used for further research, such as maxillary orthognathic surgery, distraction osteogenesis, and orthodontic treatment.

Biomechanical Phenomena ; Cicatrix ; physiopathology ; Cleft Palate ; surgery ; Humans ; Mouth Mucosa ; physiopathology ; surgery ; Osteogenesis, Distraction ; Osteotomy, Le Fort

OBJECTIVETo investigate the protect effects of sodium ferulate (SF) on the daunormbicin(DNR-induced cardiotoxicity in juvenile rats.

METHODSForty male juvenile SD rats were randomly divided into control group (Control), daunorubicin group (DNR), sodium ferudate treatment group (DNR + SF), sodium ferudate group (SF) (n = 10) . Juvenile rats were intraperitoneally treated with DNR (2.5 mg/kg every week for a cumulative dose of 10 mg/kg) preparation immature myocardial injury model in presence with SF (60 mg/kg) oral treat- ment for 25 days. The left ventricular pressure and its response to isoproterenol were measured using left ventricular catheter. Rat myocardium myocardial pathology specimens and ultrastructure changes were also observed. The expression of cardiac Troponin I (cTNI) was detected by Western blot and RT-PCR. Results: SF treatment could inhibit the decreasing of heart rates induced by DNR damage (P < 0.05); it could increase the left ventrivular end diastolic pressure(LVEDP), heart rate, the maximal left ventrivular systolic speed(LVP + dp/dtmax) and the maximal left ventrivular diastolic speed (LVP-dp/dtmax) responding to isoproterenol stimulation(P < 0.01); SF also could improve the myocardial ultrastructure injuries and inhibit the decreasing of cTNI expression caused by DNR damages (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSF treatment could alleviate the decreasing of cardiac reservation induced by DNR damages in juvenile rats, which might be related to its reversing the effects on the cardiac systolic and diastolic function injuries and its inhibiting effects on the decreasing of cTNI expression caused by DNR. The mechanism of SF preventing daunorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in juvenile rats is relevant to inhabited cardiac Troponin I expression.

Animals ; Blood Pressure ; Cardiotoxicity ; drug therapy ; Coumaric Acids ; pharmacology ; Daunorubicin ; toxicity ; Heart ; physiopathology ; Heart Rate ; Isoproterenol ; Male ; Myocardium ; pathology ; Protective Agents ; pharmacology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Troponin I ; metabolism

Dengue virus (DENV) envelope [E] protein is the major surface protein of the virions that indued neutralizing antibodies. The domain III of envelope protein (EDIII) is an immunogenic region that holds potential for the development of vaccines; however, the epitopes of DENV EDIII, especially neutralizing B-cell linear epitopes, have not been comprehensively mapped. We mapped neutralizing B-cell linear epitopes on DENV-1 EDIII using 27 monoclonal antibodies against DENV-1 EDIII proteins from mice immunized with the DENV-1 EDIII. Epitope recognition analysis was performed using two set of sequential overlapping peptides (16m and 12m) that spanned the entire EDIII protein from DENV-1, respectively. This strategy identified a DENV-1 type- specific and a group-specific neutralizing epitope, which were highly conserved among isolates of DENV-1 and the four DENV serotypes and located at two regions from DENV-1 E, namely amino acid residues 309-320 and 381-392(aa 309-320 and 381-392), respectively. aa310 -319(310KEVAETQHGT319)was similar among the four DENV serotypes and contact residues on aa 309 -320 from E protein were defined and found that substitution of residues E309 , V312, A313 and V320 in DENV-2, -3, -4 isolates were antigenically silent. We also identified a DENV-1 type-specific strain-restricted neutralizing epitope, which was located at the region from DENV-1 E, namely amino acid residues 329-348 . These novel type- and group-specific B-cell epitopes of DENV EDIII may aid help us elucidate the dengue pathogenesis and accelerate vaccine design.
Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Antibodies, Neutralizing ; immunology ; Dengue ; virology ; Dengue Virus ; chemistry ; genetics ; immunology ; Epitope Mapping ; Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte ; chemistry ; genetics ; immunology ; Humans ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Viral Envelope Proteins ; chemistry ; genetics ; immunology

AlM: To observe retinal hemodynamic influence of compound xueshuantong capsule on nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy ( NPDR) after laser photocoagulation.METHODS:A total of 41 patients (72 eyes) with NPDR after laser photocoagulation were enrolled in this study. They were all given compound xueshuantong capsule, and used color Doppler flow imaging for detection of retinal hemodynamics.
RESULTS: After treatment, patients with retinal blood perfusion significantly improved; central retinal arterial peak systolic velocity ( PSV ) , end - diastolic velocity (EDV) and medial velocity (Vm) were increased, while the resistance index ( Rl) decreased. The difference have statistical significance (P<0. 05). The visual acuity of 61 eyes improved, efficiency was 85%. Visual acuity was related with PSV, Vm and Rl.
CONCLUSlON: Compound xueshuantong capsule can improve retinal blood perfusion for nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy after laser photocoagulation, which is related to improvement of visual prognosis.

Objective To search for the changes of T cells subpopulations and immunoglobulin and their relation-ship in children patients with simple nephrotic syndrome. Design Case-control research. Patients aud Participants 39 patients with simple nephrotic syndrome were divided into two groups:the incipient group and relapse group (6 cases were determined at the incipient and relapse time) .Thereare 28 patients in incipient group, 19 males and 9 females, at the age of 2 to 10 years old. There are20 patients in relapse group, 12 males and 8 females, at the age of 3 to 13 years old. There are 35health children in control group, 21 males and 14 females, 2～13 years old. Interventions T cells subpopulations were determined by indirect immunofluorescence of OKT linesmonoclonal antibodies. The serum IgG was determined by routine simple agar immunodiffusion tests. Results and Conclusions The CD_3~+ and CD_4~+ cells are of no change in the children patients withsimple nephrotic syndrome, and the CD_8~+ and CD_(10)~+ cells are obviously increased, the Values of CD_4~+/CD_8~+ are obviously lower than those in the control qroup, there are no difference between the incipientand relapse groups. The levels of serum IgG were decreased in the 85.3% children patients, IgM were inc-reased in 29.4% of that. The values of CD_4~+/CD_8~+ have positive correlation and negative correlationwith the levels of serum IgG and IgM respectively.

Objective To localize the sinoatrial node (SAN) of the newborn rabbits in vivo and cut it for purifying cultivation and study the morophologic characters of primary cultured pacemaker cells of SAN under light microscope and transmissional electron microscope. Methods Hearts of the newborn rabbits were embedded in paraffin for HE-staining and observed the location, form of SAN under optical microscope; SAN cells isolated from neonatal rabbits cultured and purified with the method of differential attachment and BrdU-treatment.Results SAN localized in the anterior wall of the superior vena cava and the posterior-lateral atrial wall.There was about 0.32 mm between its lowest point and sulcus terminalis. Three distinctly different types of cells were observed among the cultured cells of SAN: spindle, araneiform and polygon. The spindle cells covered the greatest proportion of the cultured cells of SAN (59.6%?7.3%). The frequency of spontaneous contraction of spindle cells was the highest among the constrcting cells (145 ?9)time/min. The results of ultrastructure observation showed that myofibrils and other organelles in spindle cells were poorly organized and significantly decreased in number compared with araneiform cells. There was no significant difference between araneiform cells isolated from SAN and from atrial muscle.Conclusion Among the cultured cells from neonatal rabbits SAN, the spindle cells are the pacemaker cells of SAN.

Objective To investigate the effect of plasma erythropoietin ( EPO) concentration on left ventricular systolic function and its relationship with acute mountain sickness ( AMS ) .Methods A total of 289 healthy young men were recruited in this study and divided into five groups:plain control group (Ⅰ) with 55 subjects;acute high altitude exposure group(Ⅱ) with 74 subjects(3700 m exposure for 24 h); the group of acute exposure after acclimatization (Ⅲ) with 68 subjects(4400 m exposure for 24 h after 1 week acclimatization at 3700 m); high altitude migrate group (Ⅳ) with 19 subjects ( migration to 3700 m for more than 1 year ); and the group of exposure after migration (Ⅴ) with 73 subjects (4400 m exposure for 50 d after more than one year migration to 3700 m).Lake Louise Self-assessment Scoring System ( LLSS) was used to assess AMS .Plasma concentrations of EPO and echocardiography were also determined .Results EPO was significantly increased after acute high altitude exposure .There was no significant difference in EPO between groupⅡand Ⅲ(P>0.05), but significantly higher than in group Ⅰ (P<0.05).No significant difference was found between group Ⅳ,Ⅴ and Ⅰ (P>0.05).In group Ⅱ, positive correlation was found between EPO concentration and stroke volume (SV) as well as left ventricular diastolic diameter (LVDD) (R=0.278 and 0.236,respectively,P<0.05), while negative correlation was expressed between EPO concentration and the AMS score (R=-0.249,P<0.05).In other groups,there was no relationship between EPO concentration and the index of left ventricular function .Conclusion EPO may work on AMS through left ventricular systolic function enhancement after acute high altitude exposure .

Heterokaryon incompatibility is a widespread phenomenon among fungi,controlled by specific loci termed het (for heterokaryon incompatibility).This review focuses on recent developments in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of nonself recognition and the relationship between the death progresses of heterokaryon incompatibility and associated proteins in fungi.The deep research of heterokaryon incompatibility mechanism will hopefully reveal underlying principles of the evolution of nonself recognition systems and will find some effective method for settling the instability of protoplast fusant of fungi.