No abstract available.
Epidermal Growth Factor* ; Receptor, Epidermal Growth Factor*

Parasomnias induced by hypnosedatives are rare but serious side effect. Such parasomnias have not been reported with all hypnosedatives. However, frequent use of hypnosedatives, particularly nonbenzodiazepine receptor agonists is associated with parasomnias. Associated symptoms are sleep eating, sleepwalking with object manipulation, sleep conversations, sleep driving, sleep sex and sleep shopping etc. Mechanisms include high affinity for GABAA receptor, interruption of the consolidation phase of memory formation by drug, pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic drug-drug interaction and concomitant administration with alcohol. Managements for parasomnias induced by hypnosedatives involve stopping medication, switch to other medications or nonpharmacological treatment, lowest effective dose of NBRAs (Non-Benzodiazepine Receptor Agonists), taking into consideration drug-drug interactions, identification and treatment of underlying disease states.
Eating ; Hypnotics and Sedatives ; Memory ; Parasomnias ; Somnambulism

No abstract available.
Insemination* ; Spermatozoa*

Patients with skeletal class III can be successfully treated by either orthognathic surgery or orthodontic treatment owing to unavoidable circumstances. Sisters were treated, elder sister by orthognathic surgery and younger one by compromised treatment. For the ideal treatment goal, orthognathic surgery will be inevitable in skeletal problem case, but by the patient`s private situations orthodontist cannot help doing compromised treatment. It could be another option if correct biomechanical approach is used.
Humans ; Orthognathic Surgery ; Siblings*

Though initial report from Japan showed positive association of schizophrenia with dinucleotide repeat polymorphism in the NT-3 gene, subsequent studies showed mixed results. Therefore we conducted a replication study with Korean schizophrenics and matched controls who share similar ethnic background with Japanese population. The frequency of allele of dinucleotide repeat at 147 base pairs in the NT-3 gene was slightly increased, however, failed to reach statistical significance(X2=1.884, df=1, p<0.170) between the two groups. These findings do not support on association of NT-3 gene polymorphism with schizophrenia in Korean sample.
Alleles ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Base Pairing ; Dinucleotide Repeats ; Humans ; Japan ; Schizophrenia

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study is to assess the prevalence and related risk factors of suicide ideation among middle and high school students in an urban area. METHODS: We surveyed 3,691 middle and high school students (2,159 male, 1,532 female, 11-19 years of age) using a self-report questionnaire that covered basic socio-demographic data, academic achievements, presence of physical or psychiatric illness, sleep duration on weekdays, time spent at private academies on weekdays and weekends, and subjective needs for counseling. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Reynolds' Suicidal Ideation Questionnaire (SIQ) were included in the survey. RESULTS: The prevalence of students with high suicide ideation (SIQ > or = 62) was 4.6%. In a logistic regression model, female sex (p = 0.002), younger age (p < 0.001), poor academic achievement (p = 0.043) and higher score of BDI (p < 0.001) were associated with a higher SIQ score. In addition, younger age (p = 0.045) and a higher BDI score (p < 0.001) were associated with a higher SIQ score adolescents having high suicide ideation (SIQ > or = 62). CONCLUSION: Related risk factors of suicide ideation in adolescents were female sex, younger age, poor academic achievement, and a depressive mood. It would be especially helpful to pay more attention to younger adolescents and a depressive mood as a high-risk group. The understanding of these factors will be helpful for providing an effective suicide screening and prevention program for adolescents.
Academies and Institutes ; Adolescent* ; Counseling ; Depression ; Female ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Mass Screening ; Prevalence* ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Risk Factors* ; Suicidal Ideation* ; Suicide

BACKGROUND: Among the over- the -counter drugs, non-opioid analgesics are widely used in Korea. Non-opioid analgesics may have potential adverse effects such as side effects, tolerance, and addiction when used inappropriately. Moreover, children have less power to make a rational decisions than adults. Therefore, the role of parents in analgesic use is more and more important in children. This study was designed to investigate the frequency of use of analgesics in children and the behavior of parents administering them. METHODS: From April to May 2000, we collected questionnaires on the use of analgesics for relieving children's pain which were completed by parents from 3 elementary schools in Seoul. Student t-test and linear by linear test were applied to compare the difference between analgesic-administered group and non-administered group. RESULTS: The subjects were 630 parents among 702 respondents. Common reason for the parents to administer analgesics to their children were common cold, headache, abdominal pain etc. Pain severity were high in earache and fever and lower in abdominal pain and headache. Among the total 457 (72.1%) parents were said to have kept analgesics at home. Acetaminophen and ibuprofen were the most common kept analgesics at home. Were more analgesic-keeping house likely to analgesics at home. Younger parents, younger children and mothers. Only 25.4% among those with analgesics at home gave analgesics during the last month. The administration rate was higher in the higher education levels (P<0.05) , and increased linear by linear according to the number of house -keeping analgesics (P<0.05) CONCLUSIONS: Seventy two percent of parents kept analgesics at home. But only a quarter of the parents gave analgesics to their children. The administration rate of analgesics in relieving pain children by their Parents was higher in the highly educated parents group and showed linear increase in proportion to the number of house - keeping analgesics.
Abdominal Pain ; Acetaminophen ; Adult ; Analgesics* ; Child* ; Common Cold ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Earache ; Education ; Fever ; Headache ; Humans ; Ibuprofen ; Korea ; Mothers ; Parents ; Seoul*

No abstract available.
Embryo Transfer* ; Embryonic Structures* ; Fertilization in Vitro* ; Humans ; Pregnancy, Twin*

No abstract available.

We describe S100 protein positive dendritic cells (S100+DCs) in various liver diseases including chronic viral hepatitis B and C (20 cases), liver cirrhosis (3 cases), hepatocellular carcinoma (2 cases), hepatolithiasis (6 cases), primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) (2 cases), liver allograft rejection (9 cases), bile duct paucity (1 case), and Wilson's disease (1 case). By immunohistochemical analysis, S100+DCs were absent in fetal and normal livers, while they were variably present in inflammatory liver diseases. In chronic hepatitis and active cirrhosis, S100+DCs were most frequently located in periportal area, at lymphoid follicles within the portal tract, and at foci of spotty necrosis within the lobule. Frequency and intensity of S100+DCs were not related to etiologies of liver diseases, but they were correlated with the activity of hepatitis. In PBC, S100+DCs were found between biliary epithelial cells of the septal bile ducts, as well as, the periductal area of the portal tracts. A posttransplantation liver with features of moderate acute rejection revealed many S100+DCs in polymorphous portal infiltrates. In hepatocellular carcinomas, many S100+DCs were scattered between tumor cells. In the case of the Wilson's disease, S100+DCs were not noted. Presence of S100+DCs in various inflammatory liver diseases indicates that they play a central role as antigen presenting cells in immune responses of inflammatory liver diseases.
Allografts ; Antigen-Presenting Cells ; Bile Ducts ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular ; Dendritic Cells* ; Epithelial Cells ; Fibrosis ; Hepatitis ; Hepatitis B ; Hepatitis, Chronic ; Hepatolenticular Degeneration ; Liver Cirrhosis ; Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary ; Liver Diseases* ; Liver* ; Necrosis